媒体报道对公务员群体刻板印象的影响：外显与内隐研究

发布时间：2018-06-09 03:00

本文选题：刻板印象 + 公务员　；参考：《西南大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：刻板印象(Stereotypes)一般是指对某社会群体的典型特征认知,通常是过度简化及不公正的(Allport,1954;Lippmann,1946)。刻板印象还是偏见及歧视的基础,会对群际互动产生负面影响,不利于社会和谐(Nelson,2009)。以往对刻板印象的心理学研究,主要侧重于关注刻板印象的认知结构、激活过程、后续影响及相关的认知神经机制等,而以社会文化视角对刻板印象的研究则还相对较少。刻板印象通常根植于特定的社会文化背景,其中,媒体作为重要的文化传播工具,不仅能传播刻板印象,同时也能塑造、强化及改变刻板印象(Mastro,2009)。在中国,公务员群体由于代表人民掌握着公共权力和社会资源,使得该群体的各种言行常成为媒体关注和报道的焦点,塑造了公众对该群体的形象认知。然而,媒体对公务员群体的负面偏向报道,却可能会加深公众对该群体的刻板印象及偏见,继而对官民关系及政府公信力产生负面影响(蔡之国,2012)。过往对公务员群体媒介刻板印象的研究,仅局限于对该群体媒介形象的内容分析,而缺乏媒介影响公务员群体刻板印象的实证研究。由此,本研究从媒体对公务员群体的报道出发,系统考察媒体报道对公务员群体刻板印象的影响。研究首先对主流网络媒体对公务员群体的报道做内容分析,以了解媒体对公务员群体的报道倾向及特征(研究一a)。然后,通过调查研究媒体报道对不同社会群体公务员外显刻板印象造成的影响,并探究媒体报道影响内群体(公务员群体)及外群体之间的差异(研究一b)。最后,通过实验室研究,探究媒体报道对外显与内隐公务员群体刻板印象的影响,并比较影响在两个层面间的差异(研究二)。研究一分为两个子研究,研究一a通过对新浪、搜狐、网易、凤凰、人民网五大主流网络媒体要闻版的1514条新闻报道做内容分析,以了解媒体对公务员群体报道的倾向与特征。结果发现:媒体对公务员群体的新闻报道量显著多于其他社会群体,而且负面新闻报道量要显著多于正面及中性报道。研究一b通过网络调查了三个社会群体:公务员(207人),大学生(220人),商业(服务业)人员(218人)三个群体,以了解不同倾向的媒体报道对公务员外显刻板印象造成的影响,并比较报道对内群体(公务员群体)及外群体间的影响差异。研究结果发现:(1)就总体影响而言,媒体报道对各社会群体的公务员印象认知都造成了较大影响,并且各群体对公务员总体刻板印象评价都偏负面;(2)不同倾向的公务员新闻报道的影响有所差异:总体而言,负面新闻报道对公务员刻板印象的负面影响显著高于正面新闻报道;同时,各群体对负面新闻报道的接触量都显著高于正面新闻报道,并且各群体对负面新闻事件在现实中发生的频率判断都显著高于正面新闻事件;(3)媒体报道对内群体(公务员群体)及外群体的公务员刻板印象的影响有差异:总体而言,正面报道对公务员群体的正性影响要大于其他群体,而负面报道对公务员群体的负性影响则小于其他群体;同时,公务员群体对正面报道的接触量要多于其他群体,而对负面报道的接触量则少于其他群体;并且,公务员群体对于正面新闻事件在现实中发生的频率判断要高于其他群体,而对负面事件在现实中发生的频率判断则低于其他群体。研究二通过实验探究媒体报道对公务员群体内隐与外显刻板印象影响的差异。实验以60名大学生作为被试,采用与公务员群体刻板印象相符的负面新闻报道,以及反刻板印象的正面新闻报道作为启动材料,经过前测与后测,探究不同倾向的新闻报道能否影响公务员刻板印象,并比较其在内隐与外显层面的差异。结果发现:(1)负面新闻报道能够启动对公务员的刻板印象,并在外显及内隐层面上均有显著启动效应,而正面新闻报道,则在外显层面上有显著的启动效应,但在内隐层面上没有显著效应;(2)总体而言,在外显及内隐层面上,负面报道的启动效应要强于正面报道;(3)对公务员的外显刻板印象与内隐刻板印象间的相关并不显著,表现出结构上的分离。综合而言,本研究发现:(1)媒体报道对公务员群体形象认知的影响较大,各群体对公务员的负面新闻报道接触要多于正面报道,继而对公务员刻板印象产生了负面影响;(2)媒体报道对不同群体的影响不同,公务员表现出对内群体的偏好,即负面报道对公务员群体自身刻板印象的负面影响要小于外群体,而正面报道对公务员群体自身刻板印象的正面影响则要大于外群体;(3)大学生对公务员的外显及内隐刻板印象并不一致,并且,负面新闻报道能在外显与内隐层面启动大学生对公务员的刻板印象,而正面新闻报道则只能在外显层面启动对公务员的反刻板印象,而不能在内隐层面启动反刻板印象。本研究通过调查及实验室研究系统考察了媒体报道对公务员刻板印象的影响,并深入分析了新闻报道影响公务员刻板印象的可能原因及机制,这丰富了以社会文化视角对刻板印象的研究,同时也对公务员刻板印象的干预提供了重要启示。
[Abstract]:Stereotype (Stereotypes) generally refers to the typical characteristics of a social group, usually oversimplified and unjust (Allport, 1954; Lippmann, 1946). Stereotype is the basis of prejudice and discrimination, which has a negative impact on intergroup interaction and is not conducive to social harmony (Nelson, 2009). It mainly focuses on the cognitive structure of stereotype, activation process, subsequent influence and related cognitive neural mechanism, while the study of stereotype is relatively less in the socio cultural perspective. Stereotypes are usually rooted in a specific social and cultural background. The media, as an important means of cultural communication, can not only spread stereotypes. Impressions, at the same time, can also shape, strengthen and change stereotypes (Mastro, 2009). In China, the public service group has become the focus of media attention and coverage because of the public power and social resources on behalf of the people, and the public perception of the group is created. However, the media is negative to the civil service group. Face bias reports, but may deepen the stereotype and prejudice of the public to the group, and then have a negative impact on the relationship between government and the people and government credibility (Cai Zhiguo, 2012). The study of the media stereotype of the civil service group is limited to the content analysis of the media image of the group, but the lack of media influences the stereotype of the civil service group. This study, starting from the media coverage of the civil service group, systematically examines the impact of media coverage on the stereotype of the civil service group. First, the study of the mainstream network media coverage of the civil service groups to understand the media coverage of the civil service groups and characteristics (a study of a a). Then, Through the investigation and study of the impact of media coverage on the explicit stereotypes of civil servants in different social groups, and to explore the impact of media coverage on the differences between the group (the civil service group) and the outside group (Study 1 b). Finally, through laboratory studies, the influence of media coverage on the stereotype of the implicit civil service group is explored and compared. The difference between the two levels (study two). The study is divided into two sub studies. The study of one a through the content analysis of 1514 news reports on Sina, Sohu, NetEase, the Phoenix, the people's network of the five mainstream media web media, in order to understand the tendency and characteristics of the media to the public service of the public service. The amount of news coverage is significantly more than that of other social groups, and the negative news coverage is significantly more than positive and neutral reports. A B survey of three social groups: Civil Servants (207), college students (220), business (service) personnel (218 people) three groups, to understand the different trends of media coverage for civil servants The impact of stereotypes and comparative reports on internal groups (civil service groups) and outside groups. The results are as follows: (1) in terms of the overall impact, media coverage has a greater impact on the public service impression cognition of the social groups, and the overall stereotype evaluation of the civil servants is negative; (2) different On the whole, the negative impact of negative news reports on the stereotype of civil servants is significantly higher than that of positive news reports; at the same time, the groups' exposure to negative news reports is significantly higher than that of positive news reports, and the frequency of negative news events in various groups has occurred in reality. The judgments are significantly higher than the positive news events; (3) there are differences in the impact of media coverage on the stereotype of civil servants and outside groups. In general, positive impact of positive reports on the public service group is greater than that of other groups, while negative reports have less negative impact on Civil Service groups than other groups; The amount of contact with positive reports is more than that of other groups, while the amount of contact with negative reports is less than that of other groups; and the frequency judgment of positive news events in reality is higher than that of other groups, while the frequency judgment of negative events in reality is lower than that of other groups. The study of the two links is less than that of other groups. The experiment explored the difference between the implicit and explicit stereotypes in the civil service group. The experiment took 60 college students as subjects, adopted negative news reports consistent with the stereotype of the civil service group, and the positive news report of the anti stereotype as the starting material, and explored the news of different tendencies through the pre test and post test. Whether the report can affect the stereotype of civil servants and compare their implicit and explicit differences. The results are as follows: (1) negative news reports can start the stereotype of civil servants, and have significant starting effect on both explicit and implicit levels, while positive news reports have significant starting effect on the explicit level, but the implicit layer is in the inner layer. There is no significant effect on the surface; (2) on the whole, on the explicit and implicit level, the effect of negative reporting is stronger than the positive report; (3) the correlation between explicit stereotype and implicit stereotype of civil servants is not significant, showing a structural separation. The impact of knowledge on the negative news coverage of civil servants is more than positive reports, and then it has a negative impact on the stereotype of civil servants. (2) the impact of media coverage on different groups is different, and the public servants show a preference for the internal groups, that is, the negative impact of negative newspapers on the stereotype of the civil service group is small. The positive impact of the positive report on the stereotype of the civil service group is greater than that of the external group; (3) the explicit and implicit stereotypes of the college students are not consistent with the public servants, and the negative news reports can start the stereotype of the public servants in the explicit and implicit level, while the positive news reports can only be in the outside. This study examines the impact of media coverage on the stereotype of civil servants through a survey and laboratory research system, and analyzes the possible causes and mechanisms of news reports affecting the stereotype of civil servants, which enriches the social text. From the perspective of stereotype, it also provides an important inspiration for the intervention of stereotype.
【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D630.3;G206;B849

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