自我损耗对儿童分享行为的影响及其克服

发布时间：2018-08-07 21:26

【摘要】：亲社会行为是指有利于别人的行为,作为亲社会行为的典型表现,儿童分享行为的发生发展及其影响因素一直受到学界广泛关注。根据生物进化理论,个体本能倾向于那些能够给自己带来好处的行为,也就是说,个体表现出的亲社会行为之下,隐藏着许多自私自利的内部冲动和行为倾向。研究表明,尽管分享行为发展较早,但是对幼儿来说,自发表现出共享有价值资源的亲社会行为是很困难的,需要对自私自利的内部冲动进行控制。日常生活中,我们往往遇到自控失败的情况,自我控制的效果并非在所有情况下都尽如人意。据此,Baumeister和同事们提出了自我控制的资源模型,即有限自制力理论,并提出自我损耗的概念。他们将自我控制视为一种内在能力,且这一能力依赖某些有限的内部资源,资源越充沛,个体自我控制的效果越好。当先前任务消耗这种资源时,个体将处于自我损耗(ego-depletion)状态,消耗越多,那么接下来在需要控制参与的任务上就越不可能成功。随后,研究者又进一步提出了自我损耗的过程模型,从动机角度来解释完成需要自我控制的任务之后,个体动机(motivation)和注意(attention)变化而引发的自控失败。回顾关于自我损耗及其后效的研究,大多以青少年或大学生为被试,鲜有关于损耗后效对儿童甚至幼儿影响的研究。学龄前(3-5岁)个体前额叶皮层神经网络系统和大脑皮质抑制机能逐渐完善,自我控制能力随年龄增长不断发展,直至处于稳定。从理论上讲,由于自我控制资源的有限性,每个个体都有可能处于损耗状态,越小的个体自我调控水平越低,越容易发生损耗,对其影响也会越大。因而实验一将关注儿童自我损耗研究的可行性,选取某幼儿园大班、中班、小班的儿童,探讨抵制诱惑范式能否引发儿童的自我损耗状态,并采用双任务范式来研究自我损耗对儿童分享行为的影响,及可能存在的年龄差异。如果自我损耗能影响儿童的分享行为,那么其后效是否可以通过一些外在干预诱导进行克服呢?这将是本研究关注的第二个重要问题。实验二在实验一的基础上,进一步探讨自我损耗对儿童分享行为的影响是否可以通过外在公平诱导而克服,利己和利他诱导又会对其产生什么影响。本研究结果表明:(1)抵制诱惑范式能有效启动儿童的自我损耗状态,儿童分享行为本身具有很强的利己倾向,而自我损耗会加剧这种倾向;(2)自我损耗对儿童分享行为的影响出现年龄波动,表现为对中班儿童的利他分享影响较大,其次是小班,对大班儿童的影响并不明显;(3)当儿童处于自我损耗状态时,外在的公平诱导并不能有效克服损耗的后效,而利他诱导对后效的克服有一定效果,利己诱导会进一步加深损耗的后效。
[Abstract]:Prosocial behavior refers to the behavior that is beneficial to others. As a typical manifestation of pro-social behavior, the occurrence and development of children's sharing behavior and its influencing factors have been widely concerned by academic circles. According to the theory of biological evolution, the individual instinct tends to the behavior that can bring good to oneself, that is to say, under the prosocial behavior of the individual, there are many selfish internal impulses and behavioral tendencies. The study shows that although the behavior of sharing develops earlier, it is difficult for young children to spontaneously show the prosocial behavior of sharing valuable resources, and it is necessary to control the internal impulse of selfishness. In our daily life, we often encounter the failure of self-control, and the effect of self-control is not satisfactory in all cases. Based on this, Baumeister and his colleagues put forward a resource model of self-control, that is, the theory of finite self-control, and put forward the concept of self-depletion. They regard self-control as an internal ability, and this ability depends on some limited internal resources. The more abundant the resources, the better the effect of individual self-control. When the previous task consumes this resource, the individual will be in a ego-depletion state. The more it consumes, the less likely it is to succeed in the task of controlling participation. Then, the researchers further proposed a process model of self-depletion, which explains the failure of self-control caused by the change of individual motivation (motivation) and attention to (attention) after the completion of self-control tasks from the perspective of motivation. Most of the studies on self-loss and its aftereffects were conducted by adolescents or college students, but there were few studies on the effects of loss after-effects on children and even young children. The neural network system of prefrontal cortex and the inhibition function of cerebral cortex were improved gradually in preschool (3-5 years old) and the self-control ability developed continuously with age until it was stable. Theoretically, due to the limitation of self-control resources, each individual is likely to be in a state of depletion. The smaller the level of self-regulation, the easier it will be, and the greater the impact on it. Therefore, the first experiment will focus on the feasibility of the study of children's self-loss, select children from large, middle and small classes in a kindergarten, and explore whether the paradigm of resisting temptation can lead to children's self-depletion. The effect of self-loss on children's sharing behavior and possible age difference were studied by using two-task paradigm. If self-loss can affect children's sharing behavior, can the after-effects be overcome through some extrinsic intervention inducement? This will be the second important issue in this study. On the basis of experiment one, the second experiment explores whether the influence of self-loss on children's sharing behavior can be overcome by external fair inducement, and what effect altruism and altruism inducement will have on it. The results show that: (1) the anti-temptation paradigm can effectively trigger the self-depletion of children, children's sharing behavior itself has a strong self-interest tendency, But the self-loss will aggravate this tendency; (2) the influence of self-loss on children's sharing behavior shows age fluctuation, which shows that the altruistic sharing of middle class children has a greater impact, followed by small class, (3) when the children are in the state of self-loss, the external fair inducement can not effectively overcome the after-effects of loss, but altruism inducement has some effect on the after-effects. Self-interest induces will further deepen the loss of aftereffects.
【学位授予单位】：曲阜师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：B844.1

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