自我损耗对基于时间前瞻记忆的影响

发布时间：2018-08-14 15:19

【摘要】：前瞻记忆(Prospective memory,即PM)是与回溯记忆相对应的一种记忆,是指人们在完成一个任务的同时,记住在将来执行某个延迟的意向行为,而基于时间前瞻记忆(Time-based Prospective Memory,即TBPM)是指个体记得在未来的某一时间或者间隔一段时间后做某事。人们通常会利用内部控制与外部控制两种方式来完成基于时间前瞻记忆。由于基于时间前瞻记忆的执行需要足够的资源,因此当个体处于自我损耗状态下时,基于时间前瞻记忆的表现会受到一定程度的消极影响。然而,不同的控制方式下,自我损耗对基于时间前瞻记忆的这种消极影响是否会有所不同。为此,本研究设计了三个实验进行探究,进一步揭示自我损耗对基于时间前瞻记忆的影响机制。本研究让被试一次完成损耗程度不同的Stroop任务和基于时间前瞻记忆任务。其中,对基于时间前瞻记忆的探究采用Einstein和McDaniel(1996)的“双任务”研究范式,以名词判断任务作为进行中任务,基于时间前瞻记忆任务是每隔两分钟(也就是在实验开始的第二分钟和第四分钟)按“A”键。通过三个实验探究自我损耗对个体基于时间前瞻记忆的影响:实验一探究在内部控制方式下,自我损耗对基于时间前瞻记忆的影响;实验二探究在时钟监控的外部控制下,自我损耗对基于时间前瞻记忆的影响;实验三探究在提示的外部控制下,自我损耗对基于时间前瞻记忆的影响。本研究主要得出以下结论:(1)Stroop任务可以损耗自我控制资源,使个体处于自我损耗状态;(2)个体利用内部控制完成TBPM任务时,自我损耗会对TBPM造成负面影响,并且自我损耗主要对TBPM的前瞻成分造成较大的干扰,使个体不能在恰当的时间启动并执行前瞻意向。(3)当个体使用时钟监控这种外部控制方式时,基于时间前瞻记忆的成绩均较好,自我损耗对基于时间前瞻记忆没有影响。自我损耗会使个体呈现出不同的时钟监控模式,高损耗组呈现“先减少后加速增加”的变化趋势,而低损耗组则呈现“加速增加”的变化趋势。TBPM成绩与时钟监控具有密切的关系。只有邻近目标时间(时间段4)内的时钟监控次数与TBPM成绩的正相关程度最高,并且TBPM成绩与时钟监控总次数也具有显著的正相关。(4)当个体使用提示这种外部控制时,自我损耗对基于时间前瞻记忆的影响会因提示的不同而不同。在时间和按键的提示下,自我损耗对TBPM会产生消极影响;而在单纯的按键提示下,TBPM成绩均较差,自我损耗对TBPM没有影响。
[Abstract]:Prospective memory (Prospective memory, (PM) is a kind of memory that corresponds to backtracking memory. It refers to people who, while completing a task, remember to perform some delayed intentional behavior in the future. Time-based Prospective memory (TBPM) means that individuals remember to do something at a certain time in the future or after an interval of time. People usually use internal control and external control to complete temporal prospective memory. Because the implementation of time-based prospective memory requires sufficient resources, the performance of time-based prospective memory will be negatively affected to a certain extent when individuals are in a state of self-depletion. However, the negative effects of self-loss on time-based prospective memory are different under different control modes. Therefore, three experiments were designed to explore the effect of self-loss on time-based prospective memory. In this study, subjects were asked to complete Stroop tasks and time-based prospective memory tasks with varying degrees of loss. Among them, Einstein and McDaniel (1996) used the "double task" paradigm to explore the temporal prospective memory, and used the noun judgment task as the ongoing task. The time-based prospective memory task is to press "A" every two minutes (that is, at the second and fourth minutes of the experiment). Three experiments were conducted to explore the effect of self-loss on individual time-based prospective memory: experiment one explored the effect of self-loss on time-based prospective memory under internal control mode, and experiment two explored the effect of self-loss on time-based prospective memory under the external control of clock monitoring. The third experiment explores the influence of self-loss on time-based prospective memory under the external control of cues. The main conclusions of this study are as follows: (1) Stroop tasks can consume self-control resources and make individuals in a state of self-depletion; (2) when individuals use internal control to complete TBPM tasks, self-loss will have a negative impact on TBPM. And the self-loss mainly interferes with the prospective component of TBPM, which makes the individual unable to start and execute the forward-looking intention at the right time. (3) when the individual uses the clock to monitor the external control mode, The results of time-based prospective memory were good, and self-loss had no effect on time-based prospective memory. Self-loss causes individuals to present different clock monitoring patterns, and the high-loss group shows a "decrease first and then accelerate increase" trend. The low loss group showed a trend of "accelerating increase". TBPM scores were closely related to clock monitoring. Only the clock monitoring times within the adjacent target time (time period 4) had the highest positive correlation with the TBPM scores, and the TBPM scores also had a significant positive correlation with the total clock monitoring times. (4) when individuals used to indicate this external control, there was a significant positive correlation between the TBPM scores and the total number of clock monitoring times. The effect of self-loss on time-based prospective memory varies with cues. Under the prompt of time and key, the self-loss had negative effect on TBPM, but the score of TBPM was poor under the simple keystroke, and the self-loss had no effect on TBPM.
【学位授予单位】：河北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：B842.3

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