老年人认知年龄与风险决策倾向

发布时间：2018-09-17 13:04

【摘要】：以往对老年人的研究中,大部分用老年人的实足年龄作为测量指标,但实足年龄有其局限性。主要表现在：遗传和生活环境的不同会导致相同实足年龄的老年人有不同的老化程度,使得其年龄有不同的感知。事实上,个体的很多态度和行为不是依赖其实足年龄,而是其自我感知的年龄。因此,对于认知年龄研究也就应运而生。认知年龄是老年人自我感知的年龄,是老年人自我概念的一部分。研究发现认知年龄比实足年龄在老年人群的细化方面更有效,更能为研究者和商人提供参考。但是,目前国内还没有关于老年人认知年龄的研究。发达国家的研究表明老年人的认知年龄比实足年龄小10-12岁,那么中国老年人的认知年龄是否比实足年龄小,差距情况如何是本研究想要解决的第一个问题。另外,大部分研究表明,老年人的健康状况、自评经济状况、自我效能感、负性生活事件、休闲活动的参与等对老年人认知年龄的感知有重要的影响作用,那么这些因素是否同样影响着中国老年人认知年龄的感知是本研究想要解决的第二个问题。对中国老年人的研究,必须考虑到中国的具体国情及中国的文化特点,中国为集体主义国家,家庭养老是老年人养老的主要模式,子女支持对老年人有极其重要的作用。因此,本研究想要解决的第三个问题便是子女的支持是否会影响老年人的认知年龄。最后,由于以往研究都认为认知年龄低的老年人冒险性更强,更可能选择新的产品和服务,但都是运用问卷的测量来证明这个结果。本研究希望用老年人在模糊决策上的风险决策——IGT实验来探讨老年人认知年龄与风险倾向的相关性。本研究采用认知年龄量表、自我效能感量表、子女支持问卷、休闲生活问卷、负性生活事件调查表、IGT风险倾向实验、自评健康和经济状况问卷,共调查了重庆市190名55岁以上的老年人。采用相关分析、t检验、方差分析、验证性因素分析和结构方差模型的分析方法,结果发现, (1)认知年龄量表具有良好的信效度,其内部一致性系数为0.90, Amos18.0验证性因素分析的卡方值为1.191(df=2,p=0.551)； (2)老年人的认知年龄比实足年龄小3.56岁(t=5.60,p.001),老年感觉年龄比实足年龄小2.82岁(t=4.39,p.001),行为年龄比实足年龄低3.94岁(t=5.59,p.001),兴趣年龄比实足年龄低6.33岁(t=7.78,p.001) (3)结构方程模型显示,老年人自评健康、自评经济状况、休闲活动和负性生活事件与老年人的认知年龄高相关,是影响老年人认知年龄的主要因素。结构模型的卡方值为14.083(df=20,p=0.826)本研究的结论为,中国老年人的认知年龄确实比实足年龄小。提高老年人自评健康和自评经济状况,减少老年人生活中负性生活事件的发生,及鼓励老年人多参与休闲活动,有利于老年人自我感知更年轻些,即可以使老年人的认知年龄变小。
[Abstract]:In the past, most of the researches on the elderly used the real age of the elderly as a measurement index, but the real age has its limitations. The main manifestations are: the difference of heredity and living environment will lead to the different degree of aging of the elderly with the same real age, making their age have different perceptions. Behavior does not depend on the age at which it is full, but on the age at which it is self-perceived. Cognitive age is the age at which the elderly perceive themselves and a part of their self-concept. However, there is no research on the cognitive age of the elderly in China at present. Studies in developed countries show that the cognitive age of the elderly is 10-12 years younger than the real age, so whether the cognitive age of the elderly in China is younger than the real age and how the gap between them is the first problem this study wants to solve. The results showed that health status, self-assessed economic status, self-efficacy, negative life events, leisure activities and other factors had an important impact on the perception of cognitive age of the elderly. Whether these factors also affected the perception of cognitive age of the elderly in China was the second problem to be solved in this study. China is a collectivist country. Family pension is the main mode of providing for the elderly. Child support plays an extremely important role in the elderly. Therefore, the third question we want to solve in this study is whether the support of children will affect the elderly. Finally, since previous studies have suggested that older people with lower cognitive age are more risk-taking and more likely to choose new products and services, they all use questionnaires to prove this result. Relevance of tendencies.
A total of 190 elderly people over 55 years old in Chongqing were investigated with Cognitive Age Scale, Self-efficacy Scale, Child Support Questionnaire, Leisure Life Questionnaire, Negative Life Event Questionnaire, IGT Risk Tendency Test, Self-rated Health and Economic Status Questionnaire. Correlation analysis, t-test, ANOVA, confirmatory factor analysis and structure were used. The analysis method of variance model found that
(1) The Cognitive Age Scale had good reliability and validity. The internal consistency coefficient was 0.90, and the Chi-square value of Amos 18.0 was 1.191 (df = 2, P = 0.551).
(2) The cognitive age of the elderly was 3.56 years younger than the full age (t = 5.60, p.001), the sensory age of the elderly was 2.82 years younger than the full age (t = 4.39, p.001), the behavioral age was 3.94 years younger than the full age (t = 5.59, p.001), and the interest age was 6.33 years younger than the full age (t = 7.78, p.001).
(3) Structural equation model shows that self-rated health, self-rated economic status, leisure activities and negative life events are the main factors affecting the cognitive age of the elderly. The Chi-square value of structural model is 14.083 (df = 20, P = 0.826). The conclusion of this study is that the cognitive age of the elderly in China is indeed comparable to the actual age. Enhancing self-rated health and self-rated economic status of the elderly, reducing the occurrence of negative life events and encouraging the elderly to participate in leisure activities are conducive to younger self-perception of the elderly, that is, younger cognitive age of the elderly.
【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：B842

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