东欧犹太抵抗活动研究（1939-1945）

发布时间：2017-12-26 19:07

本文关键词：东欧犹太抵抗活动研究（1939-1945）　出处：《郑州大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：二战前,东欧犹太人口众多。虽然反犹主义的存在使犹太人在这些国家的社会地位普遍较低,但他们仍然拥有法律上平等的公民地位。希特勒上台后,形势急转直下,纳粹德国从社会上清除犹太人,在心灵上则以各种手段侮辱犹太人。随着二战的开始与推进,纳粹和东欧反犹政府的残忍性进一步加剧,从遣送至隔都和集中营过渡到大规模的屠杀。以此为背景,本文主要探讨东欧犹太人在这一时期的抵抗活动。在非暴力抵抗方面,犹太人努力找寻藏身之所,同时利用一切可能的机会逃亡;犹太人居民委员会运用贿赂等手段为民族同胞争取一线生机;东欧地区的犹太地下组织为伪造文书、拯救犹太儿童做了大量工作;苏联犹太人反法西斯委员会作为官方的反纳粹组织,积极动员拯救犹太人。而被遣送至隔都和集中营的犹太人也坚守着犹太民族的宗教习俗,开展多种多样的文化活动,继续对儿童的教育,怀揣着令后人得知真相的希望将迫害与抵抗记录下来。在暴力抵抗方面,随着时间的推移与“最终解决”的扩展,许多犹太人转向暴力抵抗,东欧森林密布的地理环境为游击抵抗提供了天然场所;以华沙隔都为代表的隔离区和以奥斯维辛为代表的集中营都发生过许多震惊纳粹的反抗活动。此外,东欧国家反法西斯军队中的犹太人不仅数量可观,而且贡献良多。在此基础上,本文着重分析东欧犹太抵抗活动的特点与影响。犹太抵抗活动是群众性的活动,而在众多的抵抗者中,青年以其体力与魄力成为了中坚力量。鉴于犹太人的精神文化抵抗亦是其试图以自身之力延缓纳粹屠犹进程的一部分,因而犹太抵抗可谓形式多样。但这一切都离不开非犹太人的帮助,不管是东欧居民的援手还是同盟国的反法西斯作战,都为犹太抵抗提供了希望和可能。虽然缺乏资金和团结协作,从而造成了犹太抵抗活动规模和影响的有限性,但经过抵抗活动,留下了大量关于这一时期历史见证的记录和文献,在为战后审判提供物证的同时也为纪念这一历史悲剧提供了多样化的材料。东欧犹太人在大屠杀的环境下为生存和信仰而斗争,坚守了犹太民族的信仰与文化,传承了数千年流而不散的犹太民族精神。抵抗战士作为犹太民族的英雄,在以色列国家建构之中起到了凝聚与激励的作用,但以色列政府过分运用大屠杀资源的做法也受到越来越多的批判与质疑。
[Abstract]:Before World War II, there were many Jews in Eastern Europe. Although the existence of anti Semitism has led to the low social status of Jews in these countries, they still have a legal equality of citizenship. After Hitler came to power, the situation turned sharply. Nazi Germany cleared the Jews from the society and insulted the Jews by various means. With the beginning and advance of World War II, the cruelty of the Nazi and Eastern European anti Semitic governments was further exacerbated, from repatriation to septum and concentration camps to massive massacre. In this context, this article mainly discusses the resistance of the Jews in Eastern Europe during this period. In Non Violence against Jews, try to find the hiding place, and use every possible opportunity to escape; the Jewish residents committee bribery for use as a slim chance of survival ethnic compatriots in Eastern Europe; the Jewish underground organization for forgery, save the Jewish children to do a lot of work; the Soviet Jewish anti fascist Committee as an official of the anti Nazi organization. Mobilized to save jews. The Jews who were sent to all the other places and concentration camps also adhered to the Jewish religious customs and carried out a variety of cultural activities. They continued to educate children and hope that they would know the truth and record the persecution and resistance. In violent resistance, with the passage of time and the "final solution", many Jews turned violent resistance, Eastern European forest geographical environment provides a natural place for guerrilla resistance; taking Warsaw as the representative of the ghetto to Auschwitz and the isolation zone as the representative of the concentration camp and have had many shocking Nazi protests. In addition, the Jews in the anti fascist army of the Eastern European countries have not only a considerable amount but also a great contribution to the Jews. On this basis, this paper focuses on the analysis of the characteristics and influence of the Jewish resistance in Eastern Europe. The Jewish resistance is a mass activity, and among the many resists, young people have become the backbone with their strength and boldness. As the Jewish Spiritual and cultural resistance is also a part of its attempt to postpone the Nazi carcass process with its own force, Jewish resistance may be varied in form. But all this is inseparable from the help of Gentiles, whether it is the help of East European residents or the anti fascist war of the allies, which provides hope and possibility for Jewish resistance. Although the lack of funds and unity, resulting in limited Jewish resistance and the impact of events scale, but after resistance activities, leaving a lot about this period of history to witness the records and documents, in the post-war trial providing evidence also provides a variety of materials to commemorate this historical tragedy. Jews in Eastern Europe fought for survival and belief under the circumstances of massacre, adhered to the belief and culture of Jewish people, and inherited the Jewish national spirit which lasted for thousands of years. As a hero of the Jewish nation, resistance fighters played a cohesive and stimulating role in the construction of Israeli state. But the Israeli government's excessive use of the resources of massacre has also been criticized and questioned more and more.
【学位授予单位】：郑州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K51

【相似文献】