《智者》和《巫术师》中的存在主义主题比较研究

发布时间：2017-12-26 23:16

本文关键词：《智者》和《巫术师》中的存在主义主题比较研究　出处：《扬州大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：约翰·福尔斯(1926-2005)是当代英国文坛最享有国际声誉的作家之一,是研究英国后现代小说无法避开的人物。福尔斯共出版了六部长篇小说、一部短篇小说集以及大量非虚构性作品。他的小说有机地结合了深刻的哲理性主题和极具实验性的艺术手法,兼具深刻性和可读性。福尔斯的《智者》是其非虚构作品代表作,它充满了哲学思辨,系统阐述了他对后现代社会中个体存在的深刻思考。福尔斯深受法国存在主义先驱萨特的影响,整本《智者》中的哲思都带有存在主义的色彩,且不囿于前人的思想而有自己的独特思索。而《巫术师》虽不是他出版的第一本小说,却是他最先着手创作、花费心血最多的一部作品,它无论是情境设置还是男主人公的塑造都带着福尔斯本人的记忆,并且折射出他本人的思想。因此,福尔斯的哲学笔记《智者》与其长篇小说《巫术师》可谓互为映射、互为阐释,对它们进行比较研究可以更准确、更深刻地理解福尔斯文学创作的思想基础。本论文共包括五个部分。引言部分对福尔斯及其作品研究现状进行了综述,并扼要介绍存在主义思想。第一章系统地梳理《智者》中福尔斯对于个体的人格结构、自由选择、存在形式、等级划分等的看法,探讨人在后现代现实环境中如何自处、如何保持个体性,如何进行自我塑造,并探讨其思想在小说《巫术师》中的痕迹。福尔斯则认为人格结构中还有第四维“逆某”(Nemo)的存在,它是一股否定性的力量,是“反自我”(anti-ego),是“非我”(nobodiness)。福尔斯认同古希腊哲学家赫拉克利特有关“少数者”(theFew)与“多数者”(the Many)的划分,但也认为这样的两分法是相对且具有弹性的,通过教育可以来使得两者之间的距离拉近。不同于萨特所推崇的“绝对自由”,福尔斯推崇“相对自由”,他鼓励个体不囿于惨淡的生存环境,而应为争取个体自由而努力。第二章探讨了《智者》中表达的对人类现实处境、道德、教育等方面的看法以及其在《巫术师》中的具体体现。福尔斯深受存在主义思想的影响,但是又有别于萨特和加缪的存在主义思想。萨特和加缪所流露出来的大多是苦闷、消极、悲观的情绪,而福尔斯则关注人类在面临生存困境的时候如何寻求出路。福尔斯推崇“无为而治”的观念,他认为上帝以“无为”的方式作为,以“缺场”的方式在场,个体依然可以自主选择、自由成长。在《巫术师》里,康奇斯给尼古拉斯安排了一场“上帝游戏”(TheGodgame),让他在自己设置的各种处境当中来回穿梭,完成寻找自我的历程。第三章主要探讨《智者》中福尔斯对于自然、人与自然关系、自然与创作关系以及其在《巫术师》中的生动反映。福尔斯认为人不能脱离自然而存在,人需要在自然当中寻找寄托。福尔斯的存在主义思想深深地植根于自然之中,自然又是其创作灵感不竭的源泉。论文结论部分认为福尔斯小说之所以有经久不衰的魅力,与他小说中凝聚着的存在主义哲学思想密不可分。在福尔斯创作生涯中,他一直不断地汲取着新理念、新思想,并将其融入自己的小说创作中,因而他的小说兼有极强的可读性和哲学思辨性。作为存在主义者,福尔斯的存在主义哲学思想既一脉相承于萨特又有着极强的个人特色,而这一切都和他的成长经历不可分割。通过对《智者》和《巫术师》对比性解读,我们可以更清晰领悟他的存在主义哲学思想以及他对自我、社会以及自然的认知和思考。
[Abstract]:John Fowles (1926-2005) is one of the most international writers in the contemporary English literary world. It is a character that can not be avoided in the study of British postmodern novels. Fowles has published six novels, a collection of short stories and a large number of non - fictional works. His novels organically combine profound philosophical themes and highly experimental artistic techniques with both profundity and readability. Fowles's "wise man" is the representative work of his non fiction works. It is full of philosophical speculation and systematically expounds his deep thinking about the existence of individual in the post modern society. Fowles was deeply influenced by the French existentialism pioneer Sutter, the "wise man" in philosophy with existentialism, and not confined to the previous thought and his unique thinking. Witchcraft, though not the first novel he published, is the first work he created and spent most painstaking efforts. Whether it's the setting of circumstances or the shaping of hero, he takes Fowles's memory and reflects his own thoughts. Therefore, Fowles's philosophical notebook "wise man" and his novel magic sorcerer can be interpreted and interpreted each other. Comparing them, we can understand Fowles's ideological foundation of literature creation more accurately and profoundly. This paper consists of five parts. In the introduction, the present situation of Fowles and his works is reviewed, and existentialism is briefly introduced. The first chapter systematically "wise" in Fowles for the personality structure and individual freedom of choice, form, classification of views, to explore in the postmodern realistic environment, how to maintain the individual, how to carry out self shaping, and explore the thoughts in the novel "Wizard" in. Fowles believes that there is also the existence of the fourth dimension "Nemo" in the personality structure. It is a negativity force. It is "anti-ego" and "nobodiness". Fowles agreed with the ancient Greek philosopher Heraclitus about the division of "theFew" and "the Many", but also thought that such dichotomy is relatively elastic, and the distance between them can be narrowed by education. Unlike Sutter's "absolute freedom", Fowles admired "relative freedom". He encouraged individuals not to be trapped in a miserable living environment, but should strive for individual freedom. The second chapter discusses the views expressed in the "wise man" on the situation of human reality, morality and education, as well as the concrete embodiment in the wizard of witchcraft. Fowles is deeply influenced by existentialism, but it is different from the existentialism of Sutter and Camus. Most of Sutter and Camus are depressed, pessimistic and pessimistic. Fowles is concerned about how to find a way out when facing difficulties. Fowles advocated "Inaction" concept, he believes God to "Inaction" as the way, to the "Absence" of the present, the individual can still choose, free growth. In the "Wizard", Kang were arranged a "God game for Nicholas" (TheGodgame), let him back and forth in the circumstances set up their own, to complete the journey of self searching. The third chapter mainly discusses Fowles's reflection on nature, man and nature, nature and creation, and his reflection in witchcraft. Fowles thinks that man can not exist without nature, and man needs to seek for nature in nature. Fowles's existential thought is deeply rooted in nature, and nature is the source of his creative inspiration. The conclusion of the thesis holds that the long lasting charm of Fowles's novels is inseparable from the existentialist philosophical thought in his novels. In Fowles's writing career, he has been constantly absorbing new ideas and new ideas, and integrating it into his novels, so his novels are highly readable and philosophical. As an existentialist, Fowles's existentialism philosophy is rooted in one continuous line. Sutter has strong personal characteristics, which is inseparable from his growth experience. Through the comparative interpretation of the wise man and the wizard, we can clearly understand his existentialism philosophy and his cognition and thinking of himself, society and nature.
【学位授予单位】：扬州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：I561.074

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