礼和利：丧葬中的经济

发布时间：2018-04-10 06:09

本文选题：消费死亡　切入点：丧葬经济　出处：《南京大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：本文是笔者在南京所作的丧葬消费民族志研究。笔者试图通过具体翔实的田野资料来展现处理人生最后一道关口的丧仪在当下社会如何运作以及将丧葬视若市场平台的条件下,丧属与中介商家的互动如何使得死亡消费转变为消费死亡。丧葬礼是针对死亡事件的一种仪式,有着一整套复杂的过程。实施和参与仪式的人们如同在进行一场表演,他们专注于仪式的各个程序和细节,要求按照传统的方式做的准确,借此拥有丰富丧事经验的丧葬中介一条龙在丧礼中就扮演了不可或缺的角色,他们遵循传统礼数操办丧礼,避免禁忌,使得祖先能走的愉快并且庇护后人。同时,中介很好的协调了丧属在派出所和殡仪馆服务程序的办理。值得注意的是,在丧礼的举办过程中,所有的行业都从丧事中赚钱。墓地价格不断攀升,殡仪馆追思厅的租用费越来越高,使得人们普遍叫苦不迭,高呼"死不起"。除墓园和殡仪馆外,属丧葬中介一条龙获利较多。由于这一公开的事实,加入这一行当的人员越来越多,市场饱和后,恶性竞争逐渐展开。中介个体户攀附殡仪馆以获得自己的资源优势,进而为丧属提供一条龙服务。另外中介低廉的一条龙服务费的报价背后是诱导丧属选择自己的服务,进而推销昂贵的骨灰盒和丧葬用品。巧立名目的仪式程序和铺张浪费的丧葬用品,使得原本为死人服务的丧礼异化成为生人荣誉服务的一种表演仪式。久而久之,在利益最大化的追求下,商家和丧属的信息不对称互动使得死亡消费转变为消费死亡。在笔者看来,死亡消费是操办丧事的必须花费,而消费死亡则是商品化的消费,在这个过程中,商家成为丧葬消费的主导者,而丧属处在被动的位置。虽然国家屡次倡导丧葬从简,并多次出台丧葬管理条例和丧葬惠民政策,但是殡仪馆和中介一条龙在实际操作中却干预丧属选择免费服务,甚至刻意诱导丧属消费高等级高价格的服务。这些丧葬商家的高额收费和繁复的程序,使得原本因失去亲人痛苦不堪的丧属再次陷入窘境。为了填补丧葬中高昂的消费,丧属必须筹到足够的资金,甚至死者在活着的时候就已经开始为死亡的花费攒钱。在丧葬消费的这一整个事件中,我们看得出丧属——商家——国家之间的博弈,丧属希望逝者走好并且保佑后人,商家希望丧属尽可能的多消费,国家希望殡葬改革,倡导殡葬从简和绿色殡葬。但是在实际操作过程中,他们为了各自的利益不断增加话语权。在过程中由于信息的不对称,商家取得了死亡消费的主导权,这种商家——政府——消费者之间的结构性问题,最终使得消费死亡成了一个事实。
[Abstract]:This paper is a study on the ethnography of funeral consumption made by the author in Nanjing.The author tries to show how the funeral instrument, which deals with the last pass of life, works in the present society and regards the funeral as a market platform through concrete and detailed field data.How does the interaction between bereavement and intermediary merchant turn death consumption into consumption death?Funeral ceremony is a kind of ceremony in response to death, which has a whole complex process.The people who perform and participate in the ceremony are like performing a performance, focusing on the procedures and details of the ceremony, demanding that it be done accurately in the traditional way.Thus, funeral agents with rich experience play an indispensable role in the funeral, they follow the traditional etiquette to organize the funeral, avoid taboos, so that the ancestors can walk happily and shelter future generations.At the same time, the intermediary well coordinated funeral service procedures in police stations and funeral parlours.Notably, all industries make money from funerals in the process of holding funerals.Rising graveyard prices and higher rental fees for funeral parlors have led to widespread cries of "death can't afford to die."In addition to the cemetery and funeral parlour, a funeral intermediary one-stop profit.As a result of this open fact, more and more people join this profession, after the market saturation, the vicious competition unfolds gradually.Individual mediators attach funeral parlours to gain their own resource advantages, and then provide one-stop service for funeral families.In addition, the low price of one-stop service offer is to induce families to choose their own services, and then to promote expensive urns and funeral supplies.The elaborate ritual procedure and extravagant funeral articles dissimilate the funeral service for the dead into a kind of performance ceremony for the honor service of strangers.Over time, under the pursuit of maximum benefit, the asymmetric interaction between merchant and bereavement leads to the transformation of death consumption into consumption death.In the author's opinion, death consumption is the necessary cost of running funeral, while consumption death is commoditized consumption. In this process, the merchant becomes the leader of funeral consumption, and the funeral is in a passive position.Although the state has repeatedly advocated simple funeral, and has repeatedly promulgated funeral management regulations and funeral benefits policy, but funeral parlours and intermediaries have intervened in practice to choose free services for funeral families.Even deliberately induced funeral families to consume high-grade high-price services.The heavy fees and complicated procedures of these funeral businesses have once again put bereaved bereaved families in distress.In order to make up for the high cost of burial, funeral families must raise enough money, even though the dead have begun to save for the cost of death while they are alive.In the whole event of funeral consumption, we can see that the game between the bereavement, the business-state, the bereavement family hopes that the deceased will go well and bless the posterity, the businessmen want the funeral family to spend as much as possible, and the state wants funeral reform.Advocate simple funeral and green funeral.But in practice, they increase their right to speak for their own interests.In the process, because of the asymmetry of information, the merchant acquires the leading right of death consumption, which is the structural problem between business-government and consumer, and finally makes the death of consumption become a fact.
【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K892.22;C912.3

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