关于小说《上海，远在何方？》在华德奥犹太难民记忆问题和身份认同的叙事性研究

发布时间：2018-06-22 15:34

本文选题：记忆 + 身份认同　；参考：《北京外国语大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：二十世纪三四十年代,许多德奥犹太难民为躲避二战期间的纳粹暴行而漂洋过海来到当时为数不多的避难地之一:中国上海。作为难民来华,在他们眼里,自己可能只是"坐在行李箱上"的过客,但实际上他们在上海留下了很多痕迹。德国作家乌尔苏拉·克莱谢尔虽然没有亲身经历过那段历史,但她凭借着这些历史印记,经年累月地搜集了众多资料,最终著成了《上海,远在何方?》这部优秀的文学作品,成功再现那段历史。这篇论文从中德跨文化日耳曼学角度出发,选取德国作家乌尔苏拉·克莱谢尔的小说《上海,远在何方?》为载体,,在借鉴先前相关学术研究的基础上,尝试从记忆和身份认同两个维度进行探讨分析,进而从流亡者个人和集体两个层面来多层次地剖析两者的关联性。本文研究的核心问题包括:小说运用何种叙述方式来呈现和重构记忆?小说主人公们的身份认同经历了哪些变化?记忆和身份认同之间存在何种关联性?如何在个人和集体层面分别呈现以及其中有哪些影响因素?基于上述问题,本文第二部分是理论概述,主要针对相关的记忆和身份认同理论分别进行了简要介绍,并着重梳理两者的相关性和理论结合点。这是基于记忆的重构性之上,其当下性和选择性使得记忆以当下作为出发点,对过去进行选择性的重构和解读。与此同时,鉴于记忆必须借助于一定的媒介来实现,本文还介绍了文学作为记忆媒介的独特性,借此深入探讨这部小说的叙事技巧,进而阐述了记忆问题在小说中如何借助多重视角实现了建构甚至重构。虽然该小说以时间顺序为叙述主线,但作者没有遵循传统意义上的主人公和情节结构,而是片段式地勾勒出一个个独具个性的流亡者形象。多层交织的叙述视角、多线交错的人物关系和片段式的记忆叠加等精巧的结构技巧,使这部小说充满张力。多元视角和主人公角色设定实现了记忆的叙述性重构。书商拉扎鲁斯通过录音记录下了这群流亡者的众生相,扮演了小说中穿针引线的叙述者角色。在拉扎鲁斯回忆的基础上,该小说的创作实际上是一个回忆与重构的过程。参考记忆理论和身份认同理论共有的个人和集体双重维度,本文据此决定也从个人和集体这两个层面入手,借助对不同人物和事件的分析,分别采用多角度来例证记忆和身份认同问题之间的关联性。其多重关联性在两个层面上既有相似,也有不同之处。首先,小说主人公们都各具特色,因而在个人层面上会侧重于从每个人的独特之处寻找微观切入点。每个流亡者身上的特点和个体行为都深刻影响着个人记忆和身份认同,因而两者的关联性呈现出多重差异性。人物形象的复杂性又使得每个人身上呈现出多重性格和特质,有助于多维度探寻研究。研究维度主要包括个体的心灵创伤、沉默、自我认知、记忆媒介、梦境和未来选择等方面,这些维度既会对个体记忆和身份认同产生积极效应,也会带来负面影响。心灵创伤的特殊性使得过去苦痛的记忆在脑海中不断重现,小说结合叙述情境的变换,间或重复描述此类回忆,以此来展现创伤对个体记忆的延续性和自我身份认同的破坏性后果。承受心灵创伤后,个体可能会对此保持缄默,但沉默并不意味着遗忘,而是作为无声的言语、主观的记忆选择和创伤的侧面例证,多元叙述视角的切换展现了沉默可能会加剧心灵创伤对自身甚至是他人记忆和身份认同的破坏作用。职业和姓名作为个体身份具有代表性的两种维度,两者的变动、实现方式以及其在记忆层面上的今昔对比都会给个体身份认同带来不可忽视的影响力。媒介作为承载记忆的媒介,其重要性不言而喻,小说中特别提及了图画和雕刻艺术品这两种媒介,它们不仅持续承载着对过去的记忆,而且会结合当下情境影响着个体记忆和身份认同。梦属于个体记忆的一部分,体现了个人深埋在潜意识里的情感和欲望,梦境的难以实现及其与现实之间的巨大反差加倍烘托出了个体身份认同的困难。个人对自己未来出路的选择正是基于对个体记忆的认知和延续,也恰恰是个人身份认同的最佳例证。其次,虽然小说主人公们个性迥异,但相近的背景和经历促使他们融会成一个整体,因而在集体层面更侧重于寻求共性和相似之处,宏观分析记忆和身份认同问题的关联性。他们共同经历了被迫害、逃难和流亡海外等一系列事件,对于过去有着无法言说的苦痛和集体心灵创伤,相似的饮食习惯、宗教、习俗和语言习惯等层面共同的文化记忆拉近了彼此的距离,再加上身处一个陌生的文化环境,格托的栅栏作用让他们迅速汇聚成团体,一起怀旧地回忆着过去的美好时光,用多元视角的叙述方式重构过去。这一系列维度都是延续集体记忆和支撑集体身份认同的重要支柱。本文结尾部分对理论和正文部分进行了再次总结和梳理,通过结合文本的理论分析、叙事结构分析和个人集体双层面的例证分析,清晰展现了小说中在华德奥犹太难民的记忆和身份认同问题的多重关联性。虽然本文仍有许多不足之处,但笔者真切地希望本文能为《上海,远在何方?》这部小说以及在华犹太难民的研究提供一定的参考价值。
[Abstract]:In 30s and 40s twentieth Century, many German Jewish refugees crossed the sea to avoid the Nazi atrocities during World War II and came to one of the few places of refuge: Shanghai, China. As a refugee to China, in their eyes, they might be just "sitting on the trunk", but in fact they left a lot of marks in Shanghai. Although the writer Ursula Kleicher has not experienced that history personally, with these historical records, she has collected a lot of information over the years, and eventually became the outstanding literary work of "Shanghai, where?" the successful reproduction of that history. Ursula Kleicher's novel "Shanghai, where?" as the carrier, on the basis of previous related academic research, attempts to explore and analyze the two dimensions of memory and identity, and then analyze the relevance of the two from the two levels of the individual and the collective of the exiles. What is the relationship between the identity and the identity of the novel protagonists? What is the relationship between the memory and the identity? How do you present them in the individual and the collective and what are the factors that affect them? Based on the above questions, the second part of this paper is a summary of the theory. This is based on the reconfiguration of memory, which is based on the reconfiguration of memory. Its immediacy and selectivity makes the memory as a starting point for the selective reconstruction and interpretation of the past. At the same time, the memory must be borrowed. It is helpful to the realization of a certain medium. This article also introduces the uniqueness of literature as a medium of memory, and explores the narrative techniques of this novel, and then expounds how to realize the construction and reconstruction of the memory problem in the novel with the aid of multiple perspectives. Although the novel takes the time sequence as the narrative line, the author does not follow the traditional meaning. The righteous master's and the plot structure, but the fragment form the image of the individual exile. The narrative perspective, the multi line interlaced character relationship and the fragment memory superposition and other exquisite structural techniques make the novel full of tension. Multiple perspectives and the protagonist role set the narration of the memory. On the basis of the recollection of zararus, the creation of the novel is actually a process of reminiscence and reconstruction. From the two levels of the individual and the collective, this paper, with the help of the analysis of different characters and events, uses multiple angles to illustrate the relevance between the memory and the identity problems. The multiple relevance has the similarities and differences on the two levels. First, the heroes of the novel have their own characteristics, so they are in the same way. The human level will focus on finding the micro point of entry from the uniqueness of each person. The characteristics and individual behavior of each exile have a profound influence on personal memory and identity, so the relevance of the two presents multiple differences. The dimensions of the study mainly include individual mental trauma, silence, self cognition, memory medium, dream and future choice. These dimensions not only produce positive effects on individual memory and identity, but also bring negative effects. The particularity of mental trauma makes the memory of pain in the past continue to weigh in the mind. At present, the novel combines the transformation of the narrative situation, or the repetition of the recollections, to show the destructive consequences of the trauma on the continuity of the individual memory and the self identity. After suffering the trauma, the individual may remain silent, but the silence does not mean forgetting, but as a silent speech, subjective memory selection and creation. The side example of the injury, the multiple narrative perspective switching shows that silence may aggravate the destruction of mental trauma to the memory and identity of others. The two dimensions of the profession and the name are representative of the individual identity, the change, the way of realization and the contrast between the past and the present at the memory level will be given to the individual. Identity has an unnegligible influence. As the medium of carrying memory, media is self-evident. The two media, such as pictures and sculptures, are particularly mentioned in the novel. They not only carry the memory of the past, but also affect the individual memory and identity in the context of the present situation. The dream belongs to the individual memory. Part of it embodies the feelings and desires of the individual, which is buried in the subconscious mind. The difficult realization of the dream and the great contrast with the reality have doubles the difficulty of individual identity. The choice of the individual's future is based on the cognition and continuation of the individual memory, and is also the best example of personal identity. Second, although the heroes of the novel have different personalities, the similar backgrounds and experiences encourage them to integrate into a whole, so that they are more focused on the commonality and similarities on the collective level, and the relevance of the macro analysis of memory and identity. They have experienced a series of events such as forced harm, escape and exile, and so on. With unspeakable pain and collective mental trauma, similar eating habits, religion, customs, and language habits, the common cultural memory is close to each other, plus a strange cultural environment. The fence effect of Gato allows them to quickly gather into groups, remembering the good times of the past with nostalgia. This series of dimensions are the important pillars for the continuation of collective memory and the support of collective identity. The end part of this article summarizes and combs the theory and the body part again, by combining the theoretical analysis of the text, the analysis of narrative structure and the case analysis of the individual group. It shows the multiple relevance of the memory and identity of the Judea Jewish refugees in the novel. Although there are still many shortcomings in this article, the author sincerely hopes that this article will provide a certain reference value for the study of Shanghai, where the novel is far away, and the study of Jewish refugees in China.
【学位授予单位】：北京外国语大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：I516.074

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