民国年间重庆地区烟毒研究

发布时间:2018-07-23 21:09
【摘要】:民国年间,重庆烟毒泛滥,烟馆林立。究其原因有:重庆优越的自然因素适宜罂粟生长;长久以来,鸦片作为良好的医疗药品广泛用于治疗咳嗽等疾病,市场广阔;吸食鸦片作为重庆地区部分民众长久以来的风俗习惯,难以改变;重庆有着发达的水路和陆路交通,便于鸦片的运输;民国政治混乱,军阀割据,在重庆地区为获取更大利益,政府和军阀支持鸦片贸易。民国年间,重庆烟毒种植面积占四川鸦片面积很大一部分,尤其是涪陵地区,在整个川东地区鸦片种植面积位居首位,其次是丰都。鸦片的大面积种植导致狭窄的本地市场根本没有能力消化如此多的产品,因此,大批鸦片销往外地。从重庆运往外地的鸦片,大多运往东南经济发达的地区,其运输方式分为三种,陆运、内河航运、空运。选择陆运这种方式较多,当时有川汉铁路、川鄂、川湘等公路,能够快速运输鸦片到指定地点。虽然,重庆境内有三条大河(长江、嘉陵江、乌江),利用内河航运运输鸦片较为节省运输费用,但是,走水路关卡林立,不如陆路节省运输费用。空运也是当时运往外地的一种运输方式,安全、快捷。鸦片贸易带来丰厚的回报。为获取高额利润,政府和军阀公开贩运,民间有偷运鸦片的组织。大型的称为烟帮,由商人团体组成,贩运方式多样,小型的是个人或小团体偷运,组织松散,获取利益较少。大面积种植罂粟,导致毒贵粮荒这一问题的产生。罂粟挤占良田,粮食缺少,粮价上涨,饥荒产生。鸦片贸易在重庆迅速发展必然会导致严重的社会问题。首先,鸦片贸易带来严重的社会危害。吸食鸦片,花费大量金钱,导致许多家庭破产,瘾民走上犯罪道路,社会危害极大;贪官污吏贩卖鸦片,导致地方政局动荡,百姓有苦难言;军队贩卖鸦片,滋生腐败,对地方社会治安是极大威胁。其次,由于鸦片的种植与贸易的扩大,对农业与金融业也产生了很大的影响,因鸦片的种植挤占农业资源而导致粮食生产的减少,造成了饥荒,金融业对鸦片业的畸形发展发挥过较大作用,双方形成互惠关系。重庆地区鸦片的畸形发展,政府也采取过制约、打压的措施,包括禁种、禁运、禁售、禁吸,虽收到一定效果,但由于巨大的利益的存在,且这利益又牵扯到政府本身及其工作人员,民国年间的禁毒很难彻底根绝。
[Abstract]:In the years of the Republic of China, Chongqing was flooded with tobacco poisoning and smoking pavilions. The reasons are as follows: the superior natural factors of Chongqing are suitable for the growth of opium poppy; for a long time opium as a good medical drug has been widely used to treat cough and other diseases and has a broad market. Opium consumption, as a long-standing custom of some people in Chongqing, is difficult to change; Chongqing has developed waterways and land transportation to facilitate the transportation of opium; political chaos in the Republic of China, warlordism, and greater benefits in Chongqing, Governments and warlords support the opium trade. In the period of the Republic of China, the tobacco cultivation area in Chongqing occupied a large part of the opium area in Sichuan, especially in Fuling region, and the opium cultivation area was the first in the whole East Sichuan region, followed by Fengdu. The extensive cultivation of opium led to the inability of the narrow local market to digest such a large number of products, so large quantities of opium were sold abroad. Most of the opium shipped from Chongqing to other places is transported to the economically developed areas in the southeast, and there are three modes of transportation: land transportation, inland river shipping and air transportation. There were roads such as Sichuan and Han railways, Sichuan and Hubei provinces, Sichuan and Hunan provinces, which could quickly transport opium to designated locations. Although there are three big rivers in Chongqing (Yangtze River, Jialing River, Wujiang River), it is better to save transportation cost by inland water transportation than by land. Air transportation was also a mode of transportation to other countries at that time, safe and fast. The opium trade pays off handsomely. For high profits, governments and warlords are openly trafficked, and there are organizations that smuggle opium. Large groups, called cigarette gangs, consist of groups of businessmen, trafficking in a variety of ways, small individuals or small groups of smuggling, loosely organized, less profitable. Cultivation of opium poppy in a large area, leading to the production of the problem of toxic and expensive food shortage. Poppies run out of good land, food is scarce, food prices rise, and famine occurs. The rapid development of opium trade in Chongqing will inevitably lead to serious social problems. First of all, the opium trade brings serious social harm. Smoking opium, spending a lot of money, causing many families to go bankrupt and addicts on the path of crime, causing great harm to society; corrupt officials selling opium, leading to local political instability, the common people have difficulties; the army sells opium and breeds corruption. It is a great threat to local public order. Secondly, because of the expansion of opium cultivation and trade, it also had a great impact on agriculture and the financial industry. The cultivation of opium led to the reduction of food production and the famine caused by the squeezing of agricultural resources by opium cultivation. The financial industry played an important role in the abnormal development of opium industry, and the two sides formed a reciprocal relationship. The abnormal development of opium in Chongqing has also been restricted and suppressed by the government, including the prohibition of seeds, the embargo, the ban on sales, and the ban on smoking. Although it has achieved certain results, it has been due to the existence of huge interests. And the interests of the government itself and its staff, the Republic of China's drug-control is very difficult to root out.
【学位授予单位】:重庆师范大学
【学位级别】:硕士
【学位授予年份】:2017
【分类号】:K258

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