德里达解构主义理论探析

发布时间：2019-01-30 12:35

【摘要】：德里达的解构主义理论是后现代主义思潮的代表思想,它始于文学批评、哲学范畴,后期向社会科学扩展,它对人类的思想、观念、文化等诸多方面产生了巨大的影响,并在众多领域得到了广泛的应用。德里达的解构主义理论在今天看来依然具有很强的时代价值,这是笔者选择本论题的原因所在。本文主要从四部分对德里达的解构主义理论展开论述:第一部分中,本文介绍了德里达解构主义理论的后现代背景和哲学渊源,揭示了其生成语境和解构的对象;第二部分,笔者从德里达的解构术语“踪迹”“延异”“补充”着手展开论述德里达解构的思维逻辑,其中尤为详细的阐述了解构主义理论的核心思想延异,以为后文马克思的幽灵的出场做理论铺垫。第三部分,引出了解构主义和马克思主义思想碰撞交织下产生的“幽灵学”理论,从阐述“幽灵学”的内涵出发到分析其解构策略再到揭示其释放的异质性精神,逐步对解构的马克思主义进行深入的解读。随后解析了德里达《马克思的幽灵》中的新国际思想,从中影射了解构主义理论的未来面向--正义;在第四部分,笔者结合解构主义理论与中国的关系,阐述了二者之间的相似性,并对德里达解构的马克思主义的现实意义做出了评价,以从整体上把握德里达的解构主义理论思想。德里达的解构思想存在着早晚分期,不同的思想阶段有不同的侧重点。早期主要侧重在颠覆形而上学上,晚期他的思想重心转向政治实践。早期的他批判结构主义,指出结构主义企图通过现象直窥深层文本内涵的文本解读方式依然摆脱不了形而上学的束缚,并进而在对现象学和结构主义的质疑中展开他的解构逻辑,逐步颠覆了形而上学的正统地位。晚期的他将解构的领域从文本扩大到社会实践。苏东剧变后,资本主义弹冠相庆,马克思主义遭到遗弃和边缘化。德里达不满于此,对福山的马克思主义“终结论”进行有力的批判,指出解构主义与马克思主义的具有高度的相似性,并由此提出他的“幽灵学”理论,告诉我们马克思主义不会消亡,我们作为马克思主义继承人有责任继承其遗产。与此同时提出具有实践意义的新国际,指出解构的未来直指正义,解构主义与马克思主义的结合体现了他的政治学转向。从德里达所处的时代背景看来,他所处的时代下正统学术思想大肆其道,使得解构主义只能以边缘性的身份介入,通过对胡塞尔现象学、海德格尔存在哲学、马克思文本等经典著作的批判性解读和以边缘颠覆中心话语的解构策略使解构主义理论逐渐成为时代主流,在丰富和发展了马克思主义理论的同时在时下众多领域展现它的无限价值。
[Abstract]:Derrida's deconstruction theory is the representative thought of postmodernism. It begins with literary criticism, philosophical category and later expansion to social science. It has a great influence on human thought, concept, culture and so on. And has been widely used in many fields. Derrida's theory of deconstruction is still of great value today, which is the reason why the author chose this thesis. This paper mainly discusses Derrida's deconstruction theory from four parts: in the first part, this paper introduces the post-modern background and philosophical origin of Derrida's deconstruction theory, and reveals its generating context and deconstruction object; In the second part, the author starts from Derrida's deconstruction term "trace", "extension" and "supplement" to discuss the thinking logic of Derrida's deconstruction. To make a theoretical foundation for the appearance of the ghost of Marx. In the third part, the author draws out the theory of "ghost", which is produced by the collision of deconstruction and Marxism, from expounding the connotation of "ghost" to analyzing its deconstruction strategy to revealing the spirit of heterogeneity released by it. Gradually the deconstruction of Marxism in-depth interpretation. Then it analyzes the new international thought in Derrida's "the ghost of Marx", from which the theory of deconstructionism faces justice in the future. In the fourth part, the author expounds the similarity between the deconstruction theory and China, and evaluates the realistic significance of Derrida's deconstruction of Marxism. In order to grasp Derrida's theory of deconstruction as a whole. Derrida's deconstruction thought has different emphases in different stages. In the early period, he mainly focused on subversive metaphysics, and in the late period his thought center turned to political practice. In his early criticism of structuralism, he pointed out that structuralism is still unable to get rid of the bondage of metaphysics in its attempt to read the text through phenomena. And then in the questioning of phenomenology and structuralism his deconstruction logic gradually subverts the orthodox position of metaphysics. Later he expanded the field of deconstruction from text to social practice. After the drastic changes in the Soviet Union and East Europe, capitalism was jubilant and Marxism was abandoned and marginalized. Derrida, dissatisfied with this, criticizes Fukuyama's theory of the end of Marxism, points out that deconstruction has a high similarity with Marxism, and puts forward his theory of "ghost". Tell us that Marxism will not die, we as successors to Marxism has a responsibility to inherit its inheritance. At the same time, the author points out that the future of deconstruction refers to justice, and the combination of deconstruction and Marxism reflects his political turn. According to the background of Derrida's time, the orthodox academic thought of Derrida in his time is rampant, so that deconstruction can only intervene as marginal. Through the analysis of Husserl's phenomenology, Heidegger's existential philosophy. The critical interpretation of classical works such as Marx's texts and the deconstruction strategy of subversive central discourse make deconstruction theory gradually become the mainstream of the times. While enriching and developing Marxist theory, it shows its infinite value in many fields.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：B565.59

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