死亡意识对跨期决策的影响研究
发布时间：2019-03-08 20:44
【摘要】：人们对不同时间点的收益与损失做出权衡取舍的过程叫做跨期决策。时间在跨期决策中扮演着重要的角色,如果人们在跨期决策中知觉到等待的时间越长,对未来选项就表现出越少的耐心,揭示了时间知觉与跨期决策的关系。同时,已有研究表明,当人们的死亡意识被唤起时,时间知觉会产生相应的变化,比如年长者的死亡焦虑程度使他们感觉时间流逝得更快。但目前较少有研究将死亡意识与跨期决策直接联系起来,特别是个体想象自身死亡的情况。本研究旨在通过启动死亡意识来研究个体的跨期决策变化,并探讨时间知觉在两者之间所扮演的角色。实验一采用经典的死亡提醒范式启动被试的死亡意识,实验二采用预期寿命反馈来启动死亡意识,实验三通过正向想象死亡与逆向回溯死亡来启动死亡意识,以上三个实验的自变量均为死亡意识启动条件与跨期决策刺激金额大小,因变量均为跨期决策的时间折扣率和时间知觉大小。实验四则是采用未来时间点的正向想象与逆向回溯启动,来进一步了解未来的某一时间点的启动是否会引起类似于死亡意识启动的效果。研究结果如下:(1)当采用死亡提醒范式来启动个体的死亡意识时,个体在跨期决策上折扣率更小,表现得更偏好未来。同时个体感受到时间流逝得更快,知觉到的时间长度更短,并且在中金额条件下,时间知觉在启动条件与跨期决策间起到了完全中介的作用。(2)当采用预期寿命反馈范式来启动个体的死亡意识时,个体在跨期决策上折扣率更大,表现得更关注当下。但预期寿命反馈并未影响个体的时间知觉。(3)逆向回溯死亡的个体比正向想象死亡的个体有更小的跨期决策折扣率,同时知觉到的时间长度更短,并且在中金额条件下,时间知觉在启动条件与跨期决策间起到了部分中介的作用。(4)未来时间启动对跨期决策与时间知觉均没有影响。本研究表明,死亡提醒与预期寿命反馈两种不同的死亡启动方式使得个体跨期决策上有不同的表现,这是由于两种启动方式引导个体由正向与逆向两种不同方向来思考死亡。死亡提醒启动任务使个体具体思考死亡,并站在死亡时刻回顾一生,从而对人生产生了更合理的规划,愿意放弃即时享乐而选择长远的利益,因此在跨期决策中有更小的折扣率。而预期寿命反馈只是让个体由当下的状态看向死亡,没有引起人生的反思,因此对人生必死性的焦虑使得个体渴望抓紧当下的资源,在跨期决策有更大的折扣率。实验三所设计的死亡正向想象与死亡逆向回溯证明了这一观点。此外,本研究也证明了未来时间点的启动不会引起类似于死亡意识启动的效果,也就是说,只有未来死亡点的启动才能够影响个体的时间知觉和跨期决策。
[Abstract]:The process of making trade-offs between gains and losses at different time points is called intertemporal decision-making. Time plays an important role in intertemporal decision-making. If people feel that the longer the waiting time in the intertemporal decision-making, the less patience will be shown to the future options, which reveals the relationship between time perception and intertemporal decision-making. At the same time, previous studies have shown that when people's consciousness of death is awakened, time perception changes accordingly, such as the degree of death anxiety in older adults that makes them feel that time flies faster. However, there are few studies that directly relate the consciousness of death to intertemporal decision-making, especially when individuals imagine their own death. The purpose of this study is to study the inter-temporal decision-making changes of individuals by initiating the consciousness of death, and to explore the role of time perception in the process of intertemporal decision-making. In the first experiment, the classical death reminder paradigm was used to initiate the consciousness of death, the second experiment used life expectancy feedback to initiate the consciousness of death, and the third experiment started the consciousness of death through positive imagination of death and reverse retrospect of death. The independent variables of the above three experiments were the priming condition of death consciousness and the amount of stimulus of inter-temporal decision-making. The dependent variables were the time discount rate and the time perception of inter-temporal decision-making. In the fourth experiment, the forward imagination and reverse backtracking of the future time point were used to further understand whether the initiation of a certain time point in the future would lead to the effect similar to that of the death consciousness start-up. The results are as follows: (1) when the death reminder paradigm is used to initiate the individual's consciousness of death, the discount rate of intertemporal decision-making is smaller and the individual shows more preference for the future. At the same time, the individual feels that the time goes by faster, the perceived length of time is shorter, and in the case of a medium amount of money, Time perception acts as a complete intermediary between the priming condition and intertemporal decision-making. (2) when the life expectancy feedback paradigm is used to initiate the individual's consciousness of death, the individual has a higher discount rate in intertemporal decision-making and shows more attention to the present. However, the feedback of life expectancy did not affect the individual's perception of time. (3) individuals with reverse retrospective death had a smaller discount rate of inter-temporal decision-making than those with positive imagination of death, and the perceived length of time was shorter, and at the same time, under the condition of medium amount of money, Time perception plays an intermediary role between priming condition and intertemporal decision-making. (4) Future time priming has no effect on intertemporal decision-making and temporal perception. This study shows that two different ways of death initiation, death reminder and life expectancy feedback, lead to different performance in intertemporal decision-making, which is due to the fact that the two priming modes lead individuals to think about death in two different directions: positive and reverse. Death reminders initiate tasks that enable individuals to think specifically about death and stand at the moment of death to review their lives, thus creating a more rational plan for life, willing to give up immediate enjoyment and choose long-term benefits. As a result, there is a smaller discount rate in intertemporal decision-making. Life expectancy feedback only makes the individual look from the present state to death, does not cause the reflection of life, so anxiety about the inevitable nature of life makes individuals eager to grasp the resources of the present, and has a greater discount rate in intertemporal decision-making. This view is demonstrated by the positive imagine of death and the reverse backtracking of death designed by the third experiment. In addition, this study also proves that the initiation of future time points does not lead to a similar effect as that of death consciousness, that is, only the initiation of future death points can affect the individual's time perception and intertemporal decision-making.
【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：B842
本文编号：2437192
[Abstract]:The process of making trade-offs between gains and losses at different time points is called intertemporal decision-making. Time plays an important role in intertemporal decision-making. If people feel that the longer the waiting time in the intertemporal decision-making, the less patience will be shown to the future options, which reveals the relationship between time perception and intertemporal decision-making. At the same time, previous studies have shown that when people's consciousness of death is awakened, time perception changes accordingly, such as the degree of death anxiety in older adults that makes them feel that time flies faster. However, there are few studies that directly relate the consciousness of death to intertemporal decision-making, especially when individuals imagine their own death. The purpose of this study is to study the inter-temporal decision-making changes of individuals by initiating the consciousness of death, and to explore the role of time perception in the process of intertemporal decision-making. In the first experiment, the classical death reminder paradigm was used to initiate the consciousness of death, the second experiment used life expectancy feedback to initiate the consciousness of death, and the third experiment started the consciousness of death through positive imagination of death and reverse retrospect of death. The independent variables of the above three experiments were the priming condition of death consciousness and the amount of stimulus of inter-temporal decision-making. The dependent variables were the time discount rate and the time perception of inter-temporal decision-making. In the fourth experiment, the forward imagination and reverse backtracking of the future time point were used to further understand whether the initiation of a certain time point in the future would lead to the effect similar to that of the death consciousness start-up. The results are as follows: (1) when the death reminder paradigm is used to initiate the individual's consciousness of death, the discount rate of intertemporal decision-making is smaller and the individual shows more preference for the future. At the same time, the individual feels that the time goes by faster, the perceived length of time is shorter, and in the case of a medium amount of money, Time perception acts as a complete intermediary between the priming condition and intertemporal decision-making. (2) when the life expectancy feedback paradigm is used to initiate the individual's consciousness of death, the individual has a higher discount rate in intertemporal decision-making and shows more attention to the present. However, the feedback of life expectancy did not affect the individual's perception of time. (3) individuals with reverse retrospective death had a smaller discount rate of inter-temporal decision-making than those with positive imagination of death, and the perceived length of time was shorter, and at the same time, under the condition of medium amount of money, Time perception plays an intermediary role between priming condition and intertemporal decision-making. (4) Future time priming has no effect on intertemporal decision-making and temporal perception. This study shows that two different ways of death initiation, death reminder and life expectancy feedback, lead to different performance in intertemporal decision-making, which is due to the fact that the two priming modes lead individuals to think about death in two different directions: positive and reverse. Death reminders initiate tasks that enable individuals to think specifically about death and stand at the moment of death to review their lives, thus creating a more rational plan for life, willing to give up immediate enjoyment and choose long-term benefits. As a result, there is a smaller discount rate in intertemporal decision-making. Life expectancy feedback only makes the individual look from the present state to death, does not cause the reflection of life, so anxiety about the inevitable nature of life makes individuals eager to grasp the resources of the present, and has a greater discount rate in intertemporal decision-making. This view is demonstrated by the positive imagine of death and the reverse backtracking of death designed by the third experiment. In addition, this study also proves that the initiation of future time points does not lead to a similar effect as that of death consciousness, that is, only the initiation of future death points can affect the individual's time perception and intertemporal decision-making.
【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：B842
【参考文献】
相关期刊论文 前3条
1 陈瑞;郑毓煌;刘文静;;中介效应分析:原理、程序、Bootstrap方法及其应用[J];营销科学学报;2013年04期
2 周士英;;美国死亡教育研究综述[J];外国中小学教育;2008年04期
3 黄希庭;时距信息加工的认知研究[J];西南师范大学学报(自然科学版);1993年02期
，本文编号：2437192
本文链接：https://www.wllwen.com/shoufeilunwen/zaizhiboshi/2437192.html
教材专著
