不同耕作深度对土壤结构及小麦玉米周年产量的影响

发布时间：2018-01-01 11:36

本文关键词：不同耕作深度对土壤结构及小麦玉米周年产量的影响　出处：《山东农业大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：大田试验于2015—2016年在莱阳市冯格庄镇朱家埠村进行。试验采用小麦-玉米一年两熟种植模式,供试小麦品种为烟农24。玉米品种为郑单958。秸秆全部还田。试验采用完全随机区组设计,共四个处理:翻耕20 cm、翻耕25 cm、翻耕30 cm和深松30 cm。试验分析了不同耕作深度对麦玉轮作系统农田土壤结构、土壤团聚体分布、稳定性以及其碳库和小麦玉米产量的影响,寻求适合鲁东地区高产稳产农田的适宜耕作方式和耕作深度。主要研究结果如下:1不同耕作深度对土壤结构的影响在三个不同的翻耕深度之间,翻耕30 cm在20 cm以下土层对土壤含水量的提升明显高于其他两个翻耕处理。翻耕30 cm能打破多年形成的犁底层,发挥深层土壤对水分的调控功能。深松30 cm在0～60 cm 土层,相对于翻耕30 cm含水量略低。说明在相同的耕作深度下,翻耕更有利于提高土壤含水量。但在玉米抽雄期之后,深松30 cm 土壤的含水量却高于翻耕30 cm。这是因为在玉米季烟台地区干旱严重。在面临突发性的干旱季节,深松30 cm仍能表现出较高的土壤含水量,提高耕地的蓄水保墒能力。30cm以下土层随着耕作深度的增加土壤紧实度随之减小。虽然翻耕30 cm也没有耕作到30 cm以下的土层。但在30 cm以下的土层的紧实度也小于其他两个翻耕处理。这与深耕有利于小麦根系向深层延伸穿插切割等作用有很大关系。同时深松对表层土壤影响较小,但能显著改善深层土壤的紧实度。小麦季在0～20 cm 土层的容重三个翻耕处理差异不大。但深松处理容重明显大于翻耕处理。而在20～40 cm 土层,深松土壤容重却小于翻耕30 cm。在玉米季,0～10 cm处的土壤容重差异逐渐减小,在20～40 cm处,除翻耕20 cm表现为较大的土壤容重,其他处理的土壤容重差别减少,相比于小麦季的耕作对容重作用顺序,未能表现明显差异。认为在小麦季容重的大小主要取决于耕作,而在玉米季对容重的影响因素更多的为耕作后效作用,以及秸秆还田、雨水冲淋和根系等的影响。2不同耕作深度对土壤团聚体分布、稳定性以及其碳库的影响随着翻耕深度的增加,耕作深度对20～40 cm 土层深度的土壤团聚体影响增大,团聚体的稳定性MWD和GMD也随之减小。而深松处理随着土壤深度的增加,团聚体粒径逐渐减小,大团聚体数量逐渐降低。在小麦生育期深松30 cm 土壤表层土壤微团聚体(＜0.25 mm)比例比翻耕30 cm少,稳定性高。更有利于提高土壤团聚体的稳定性。本研究中,随着时间的推移,各处理之间的团聚体稳定性差异逐渐减小。土壤团聚体SOC较高的土层,其土壤团聚体稳定指数也较高。深松30 cm不翻动土壤,浅表层(0～10 cm)土壤结构受到保护,土壤有机质有在表层土壤富集的现象.而翻耕处理能提高深层土壤的团聚体有机碳含量,但同时也降低了该土层土壤的团聚体的稳定性。土壤团聚体SOC含量随着土壤深度的增加逐渐减少。但翻耕30 cm在20～40 cm 土层中的团聚体SOC含量明显比其他翻耕处理多。这表明随着耕作深度的增加,更有利于深层土壤的团聚体SOC含量的提高。3不同耕作深度对作物产量和粮食碳成本的影响小麦季,增加耕作深度都能有效提高小麦的穗数和穗粒数。但对千粒重的影响并不显著。产量上,翻耕30 cm产量最高。翻耕30 cm和翻耕25 cm分别比翻耕20 cm产量提高了 13.52%、3.58%。因此耕作深度在30 cm时,能显著提高小麦产量。而深松30 cm和翻耕30 cm在穗数、穗粒数、千粒重和产量上差别都不大。玉米季,翻耕30 cm比翻耕20 cm和翻耕25 cm对玉米的穗数、穗粒数和千粒重提升显著。而深松30 cm比翻耕30 cm在穗数和穗粒数都有所增加,但在千粒重和产量上差异并不显著,但两者的增产效果明显比翻耕20 cm和翻耕25 cm明显。在小麦-玉米一年两熟体系下,总的粮食碳成本最高为翻耕20 cm,最低为深松30 cm,这说明在相同产量情况下,翻耕20 cm需要投入更多的生产性物质来维持产量。这也表明,深松30 cm和翻耕30 cm虽然在产量上差别不大,但深松30 cm在相同的产量上比翻耕30 cm投入的更少,是更适合生产的耕作。
[Abstract]:Field experiment from 2015 to 2016 in Feng Ge Zhuang Zhen Zhu Jia Bu Cun, Laiyang city. In this experiment, wheat corn one year two cropping patterns, wheat varieties for Yannong 24. maize varieties Zhengdan 958. for straw returning. All the test using a randomized complete block design, four treatments were: plowing 20 cm. Till 25 cm, 30 cm tillage and subsoiling 30 cm. test analysis of different tillage depth on soil structure of farmland wheat maize rotation system, soil aggregate distribution and stability as well as the influence of the carbon pool and the yield of wheat and corn, to seek suitable tillage and tillage depth for Eastern high yield farmland. The main research results are as follows: 1 different tillage depth on soil structure in three different tillage depth, tillage on soil water content of 30 cm in 20 cm soil increased significantly higher than other two tillage. Tilling can break 30 cm Over the formation of plough layer, play a regulatory function of deep soil water. Deep loosening of 30 cm in 0 ~ 60 cm soil layer, compared with the tillage water content of 30 cm is slightly lower. When the tillage depth under the same tillage is beneficial to the improvement of soil moisture. But after corn tasseling, subsoiling 30 cm soil moisture is higher than plowing 30 cm. this is because in the maize season in Yantai area. In the face of severe drought drought season of sudden, subsoiling 30 cm can still exhibit higher soil moisture, improve farmland water conservation capacity below.30cm soil layer increased with tillage depth of soil compaction decreases. Although no tillage plowing 30 cm to 30 cm below soil. But in 30 cm below the soil compaction is less than the other two tillage treatment, which is conducive to wheat roots extending to the deep with a great relationship. At the same time cutting effect and deep deep Pine has little effect on the surface soil, but can significantly improve soil compaction. Wheat season in 0 ~ 20 cm soil bulk density three tillage treatments were the same. But the subsoiling tillage treatment. Bulk density was significantly higher than that in the 20 ~ 40 cm soil layer, soil bulk density was less than subsoiling tillage 30 cm. in maize season, 0 ~ 10 cm soil bulk density difference gradually decreases from 20 to 40 cm, in addition to plowing 20 cm showed greater soil bulk density, soil bulk density difference between the other treatments was reduced, compared to the effect of Tillage on wheat season bulk order, failed to show significant difference. In Wheat season. Weight mainly depended on farming, and in maize season the influencing factors of the weight of more farming effect, as well as straw, rain and root of the.2 effects of different tillage depth on soil aggregate distribution, stability and its influence with carbon Turn increase the depth of tillage depth on 20 ~ 40 cm soil depth soil aggregates increasing, the stability of MWD and GMD aggregates decreased. And deep tillage with the increase of soil depth, the aggregate particle size decreases and the aggregate number decreased gradually. In the growth period of wheat subsoiling 30 cm soil layer soil micro aggregates (< 0.25 mm) the proportion of farming 30 cm less than doubled. High stability is conducive to improve the stability of soil aggregates. In this study, with the passage of time, the aggregate stability difference between the treatments decreased gradually. Soil agglomerates with high SOC soil layer, the soil aggregate stability index is higher. Subsoiling 30 cm through the soil, shallow layer (0 ~ 10 cm) soil structure protected soil organic matter in the surface soil enrichment phenomenon. While conventional tillage can improve the soil organic carbon content in deep soil, but at the same time When also reduced the aggregate stability of the soil. The soil aggregate content of SOC decreased gradually with the increase of soil depth. But the ploughing depth of 30 cm in 20 ~ SOC soil aggregates content 40 cm than in other tillage treatment. This indicates that with the increasing of farming depth, aggregates content of SOC is more advantageous to the deep soil the improvement of.3 in different tillage depth effect on crop yield and grain carbon cost of winter wheat, panicle and spikelet number increasing tillage depth can effectively improve wheat. But the effect on grain weight was not significant. The yield of 30 cm, the highest yield. Tillage tillage and tillage 30 cm 25 cm respectively. Plowing 20 cm 3.58%. production increased by 13.52%, so the tillage depth at 30 cm, can significantly improve the yield of wheat. And subsoiling 30 cm and 30 cm in tillage panicle number, grain number per spike, 1000 grain weight and yield of the difference is not big. Maize season, plowing 30 cm Plowing 20 cm and 25 cm tillage on Maize spike number, grain number and grain weight were significantly improved. 30 cm and subsoiling tillage than the 30 cm in the panicles and grains per spike were increased, but no significant difference in 1000 grain weight and yield, but the yield effect is significantly higher than plowing 20 cm and cm were plowing 25. In wheat corn two crops a year under the system, the total cost for the highest grain carbon 20 cm minimum tillage, subsoiling is 30 cm, which shows that under the conditions of same yield, plowing 20 cm needed to maintain the production of more material. It also shows that 30 cm, subsoiling tillage and 30 cm although the difference in yield is not big, but the 30 cm 30 cm deep loosening farming inputs less than doubled in the same production, is more suitable for the production of farming.

【学位授予单位】：山东农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S512.1;S513

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