蜜蜂授粉对宁夏引黄灌区富士苹果座果及果实性状的影响

发布时间：2018-02-20 18:48

本文关键词： 蜜蜂授粉果实发育座果率果形果实性状　出处：《宁夏大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：为提高富士苹果的座果率,改善果实的外观品质,提高商品价值,本试验以富士为试材,2015年-2016年连续2年系统的观测了果实的发育动态,调查分析了宁夏引黄灌区富士苹果果形变化的动态,并通过蜜蜂授粉提高苹果座果率、调控果形和果实性状,获得了如下结论:1.花期冻害后果园内蜜蜂授粉示范中的调查结果:果园内放蜂与对照相比,蜜蜂授粉可显著提高苹果座果率,降低幼果受冻率;可显著降低偏斜果率、提高果实果形指数、优果率和苹果产量,相应地显著降低了冻害减产率;若增产按20%计算,蜜蜂授粉的投入收益比为1:50,自然状态下的投入收益比为1:1;采取人工放蜂,成本低,效益高,较大程度的挽回了产量损失和经济损失。2.网罩隔离情况下蜜蜂授粉试验结果:(1)在果实发育动态上,宁夏引黄灌区富士苹果在整个生长期果实纵、横径增长动态趋势均表现单“S”型生长曲线。果实生长的幼果期,果实纵径略大于横径,果形指数大于1;果实进入膨大期,果实横径始终大于纵径。单果重的增加在整个生长季内也表现为单“S”型变化曲线,其变化在幼果期、膨大期、缓慢生长期内呈现慢-快-慢的增长趋势。(2)蜜蜂授粉可有效提高富士苹果座果率。不同授粉方式下富士苹果座果率按高低排序为:蜜蜂授粉T1自然对照CK自然风媒T2,蜜蜂授粉下的富士苹果座果率最高,自然对照次之,自然风媒最差。(3)在果形指数上,一般表现为端正果偏斜果畸形果;在果实偏斜率方面则是畸形果偏斜果端正果。不同授粉方式下果形指数和优果率均是蜜蜂授粉T1自然对照CK自然风媒T2;果实偏斜率自然风媒T2自然对照CK蜜蜂授粉T1;蜜蜂授粉可显著提高苹果果形指数,降低果实偏斜率,增加优果率,可产生较多的端正果,降低畸形果的形成。着生在树冠南边和西边的苹果果形指数略高于东边和北边的果实;树体下端的苹果果形指数高于上端和中部。下垂果的果形指数高于侧生果,在疏果阶段尽可能多留下垂果,去除侧生果。(4)果实内种子数量与果形有很大关系。一般来说,端正果偏斜果畸形果,种子发育状况直接影响苹果果形指数和果实偏斜率,果实种子数与果形指数之间呈正相关,与果实偏斜呈负相关。不同授粉方式下种子数量蜜蜂授粉T1自然对照CK自然风媒T2,故蜜蜂授粉可显著增加果实内的种子数量,进而提高果形指数。(5)果柄长度和粗度与果形也有一定关系。果柄长度和粗度均表现为端正果偏斜果畸形果,果柄的长度和粗度与苹果果形指数呈正相关关系,与果实偏斜率呈负相关。不同授粉方式下果柄长度和粗度蜜蜂授粉T1自然对照CK自然风媒T2,故蜜蜂授粉可增长果柄长度、增粗果柄粗度,进而提高果形指数。(6)不同授粉方式下苹果单果重、株产的大小关系均为蜜蜂授粉T1自然对照CK自然风媒T2,单果重与株产之间呈正相关关系,蜜蜂授粉可显著提高苹果产量。蜜蜂授粉下的苹果着色指数最高,外观品质最好。蜜蜂授粉可显著提高富士苹果可溶性固形物含量,固酸比;对果实硬度和可滴定酸的影响不显著。故蜜蜂授粉可有效改善富士苹果果实的综合品质。
[Abstract]:In order to improve the Fuji apple fruit, improve the appearance of the fruit quality, improve the value of the goods, this experiment takes Fuji as test materials, 2015 -2016 for 2 consecutive years, the development of dynamic observation system of fruit, investigation and analysis of the dynamic irrigation area of Ningxia Fuji apple shape change, and through bee pollination improve apple fruit, fruit regulation the shape and fruit traits, are as follows: the survey results in orchard bee pollination in the demonstration of 1.: after florescence freezing injury within the orchard bee compared with the control, bee pollination can significantly improve apple fruit, reduce fruit freezing rate; can significantly reduce the deflection increase fruit fruit rate, fruit shape index, fruit rate and yield of Apple accordingly, significantly reduced the damage reduction rate; if the yield is calculated by 20% of the investment income ratio of bee pollination at 1:50, the natural state of the investment income ratio is 1:1; adopt artificial bee, low cost, high efficiency And greatly save production and economic losses of.2. net result of bee pollination test isolation conditions: (1) in the fruit growth dynamic, the irrigation area of Ningxia Fuji apple in the whole growth period of fruit length, diameter growth trend showed a single "S" type growth curve. The fruit growth of young fruit period the fruit is slightly larger than the longitudinal diameter, transverse diameter, fruit shape index is greater than 1; enter the fruit enlargement period, fruit diameter is always greater than the vertical diameter. The single fruit weight increased in the whole growth season as well as the single "S" type curve, the change in fruit enlargement period, growth period, the trend of slow fast slow the show slow growth period. (2) bee pollination can improve the fruit set. Fuji apple Fuji apple fruit under different pollination methods according to the level of order: T1 natural bee pollination control CK T2 natural wind, bee pollination under the Fuji Apple was the highest, natural control time The natural wind (3). The difference in fruit shape index, the general performance of end deflection of malformed fruit in the fruit fruit; the fruit is the deviation rate of malformed fruit fruit fruit. End deflection of different pollination methods under the fruit shape index and fruit rate is T1 natural bee pollination control CK T2 natural wind pollinated fruit; the real natural wind deflection control CK T1 T2 natural bee pollination; bee pollination can improve apple fruit shape index, fruit reduced partial slope, increase fruit rate, fruit end can produce more, reduce the formation of malformed fruit. Apple fruit shape index in the South and west of the crown is slightly higher than the East and North fruit tree; the lower end of the apple fruit shape index is higher than upper and middle. The fruit shape index of fruit was higher than that of lateral drooping fruits in the fruit thinning stage as much as possible left hanging fruit, fruit removal side. (4) has a lot of fruit seed number and fruit shape. Generally speaking, the end Zhengguo deviation The fruit of malformed fruit, seed development status affects the apple fruit shape index and fruit partial slope, there was a positive correlation between seed number and fruit shape index was negatively correlated with fruit CK natural T2 natural wind deflection. Control the seed number of bee pollination T1 different pollination methods, the bee pollination could significantly increase the number of seeds in the fruit then, to improve the fruit shape index. (5) the length and diameter of fruit stalk and fruit shape also have a certain relationship. The fruit stalk length and diameter were end deflection of malformed fruit fruit fruit, fruit stalk length and coarseness and positive correlation between apple fruit shape index, fruit rate was negatively correlated with the deviation. CK T2 natural wind control natural fruit stalk length and coarseness of bee pollination T1 different pollination methods, so it can increase bee pollination fruit stalk length, fruit stalk thickening roughness, and improve the fruit shape index. (6) under different pollination methods of apple fruit weight, the size of the relationship between strains Are T1 natural bee pollination control CK natural wind T2, fruit weight and yield was positively correlated, bee pollination could significantly increase the yield of apple. The apple color index of bee pollination under the highest appearance, best quality. Bee pollination can significantly improve the Fuji Apple soluble solids content, soluble solid acid ratio of fruit was not significant; the hardness and titratable acid. The effects of the bee pollination can effectively improve the comprehensive quality of Fuji apple fruit.

【学位授予单位】：宁夏大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S661.1

【参考文献】