长春市黑土区耕地景观特征动态变化与安全评价

发布时间：2018-03-09 01:21

本文选题：黑土区　切入点：耕地景观格局　出处：《吉林大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：长春市主城区是吉林省省会,是省内经济最发达、人口最集中区域,且凭借典型黑土资源成为国家粮食保障区,但是,近年来,随着城镇化进程加快,人口迅速增长,人地矛盾日益突出,人类活动不仅改变了耕地景观的组成要素与空间格局,还对长春市土地生态系统带来高强度的开发与利用等外界干扰,导致黑土区出现大量耕地流失、质量退化与污染的现象,迫使黑土耕地原有的生态服务价值功能下降,黑土资源保护与区域生态安全保障方法亟待提出。因此,在这个背景下,本文立足于时间序列尺度,分析长春市主城区黑土耕地景观格局时空变化趋势,为黑土区耕地景观生态安全格局保障体系的建设和黑土区耕地资源的可持续利用提供理论依据。本文以2009年至2014年长春市主城区(朝阳区、南关区、二道区、宽城区和绿园区)的土地利用数据和长春市统计年鉴数据为研究的基础数据,依据景观生态学理论与方法,充分利用GIS空间分析技术和Fragstats4.2景观指数计算软件,以长春市主城区典型黑土分布区域的耕地作为研究对象,深入分析耕地数量、空间布局、景观格局指数演变状况,对长春市主城区黑土耕地景观生态安全格局动态变化进行准确的定量和定性评价。主要结论如下:(1)长春市主城区黑土耕地在研究时期内面积总体呈逐年减少趋势,耕地总量从2009年的429.474 km2下降至2014年的372.429 km2,共减少了57.045km2。同时人均黑土耕地面积逐年减少,从2009年的0.000133 km2/人下降到2014年的0.000114km2/人,且城市建成区周边耕地面积减少量显著高于外城,可见长春市近年来扩张速率较快,占用耕地量较大。研究区耕地结构以旱地为主,水浇地和水田较少,六年间旱地在各辖区均有不同程度的减少,水浇地的减少区主要位于南关区,水田的减少区则主要分布在绿园区。研究时期内宽城区为主要的耕地资源减少区,表征2009-2014年长春市城市发展走向以东北向为主。研究期间研究区黑土耕地利用变化率和动态度均呈负值,由2009-2010年时段的-3.463%上升到2013-2014年时段的-0.336%,表现耕地减少速率逐渐降低。黑土耕地流转情况显示研究区耕地流出与流入面积之比为62.3:1,流出远高于流入,耕地的主要去向为城镇建设占用,城镇建设用地面积的扩张直接导致部分优质黑土耕地流失,并且耕地分布格局变化剧烈,保护形势更加严峻。(2)通过耕地景观指数测算,对长春市主城区黑土耕地景观格局演变进行分析。研究发现黑土耕地景观的面积加权平均形状因子(awmsi)、分维数(f)、分离度(d)、破碎度(pd)和边界破碎度(ed)随时间序列呈波动上升趋势,分别由2009年的0.276、1.278、0.665、0.317和0.286上升至2014年的0.295、1.283、0.708、0.351和0.305,这一系列景观指数上升说明研究区黑土耕地斑块向着不规则、复杂化和细碎化演变,并且六年间宽城区、二道区和南关区等三个辖区的景观指数相对较高,显示出2009-2014年间长春市主城区的主导发展方向为东北和东部方向,而且由于城镇化过程中建设用地迅速外扩和交通网的密集,导致一系列景观指数上升和区域间不平衡,同时也表现出研究区黑土耕地景观格局的稳定性逐渐降低。(3)研究区黑土耕地景观格局变化导致景观生态安全程度的时空分布特征差异显著,以研究区的伊通河为界东部区域耕地景观安全程度低于西部区域。在六年期间,耕地景观生态安全程度呈下降趋势,其值从2009年的0.593下降到2014年的0.534,伴随着景观生态安全程度的下降,耕地景观脆弱度呈上升态势,并且不同等级区域转化明显,2009年到2014年耕地景观生态安全性相对较低的Ⅰ级区和Ⅱ级区面积逐渐增多,安全性相对较高的Ⅲ级区面积缩小,主要扩大区落在北部、中部和东南等三个方向上。耕地景观生态安全重心逐渐向西南方向偏移,六年共偏移了1621.795m。表现出耕地景观安全性东部低于西部,北部低于南部。在长吉一体化产业布局的带动下,长春市建成区迅速向东北、东部和西南方向发展。大量黑土耕地资源流失、景观廊道的增加破坏了原有的城郊耕地景观,使耕地抵御风险的能力下降,景观安全性降低。
[Abstract]:City Changchun city is the capital of Jilin Province, is the most economically developed province, the most concentrated population areas, and with the typical black soil resources has become the national food security area, but in recent years, with the accelerating process of urbanization, rapid population growth, the contradiction between people and land have become increasingly prominent, human activity has not only changed the elements of landscape and farmland the spatial pattern, also brings the high strength of the development and utilization of external interference on land ecological system Changchun City, leading to the emergence of a large number of black soil area of cultivated land loss, quality degradation and pollution phenomenon, forcing the ecological service value of the original function of black soil decreased, soil resources protection and regional ecological security method should be put forward. Therefore, in the background this paper, based on the time series analysis of temporal and spatial scale, urban landscape pattern change trend of black soil in Changchun City, ecological security pattern protection for farmland landscape in black soil region Provide a theoretical basis for the sustainable utilization of cultivated land resources and the construction of the system in black soil area. The urban area from 2009 to 2014 Changchun (Chaoyang District City, South Gate District, two district, city wide and Luyuan District) land use data and Changchun statistical yearbook data based on the number of data, on the basis of the theory and method of landscape ecology. Make full use of GIS spatial analysis software Fragstats4.2 technology and landscape index to Changchun City typical black soil distribution area of cultivated land as the research object, in-depth analysis of the quantity of cultivated land, spatial layout, landscape pattern index evolution situation, accurate quantitative and qualitative assessment of the dynamic change of the ecological security pattern of urban landscape Changchun. The main city of black soil the conclusions are as follows: (1) Changchun city of black soil in the study period in the whole area decreased year by year, the total amount of cultivated land from 429.474 km2 in 2009 Dropped to 372.429 km2 in 2014, a total reduction of 57.045km2. at the same time in the per capita arable land decreased year by year, down from 0.000133 km2/ in 2009 to 0.000114km2/ in 2014, and the city built area surrounding the reduction of cultivated land was significantly higher than that of the outer city, visible Changchun city in recent years the expansion rate, large amount of cultivated land occupation of cultivated land structure in the study area. Dry land, less irrigated land and paddy field, six years of dry land in each area have different levels of reduction, reduction of irrigated areas are mainly located in the South Gate area, decrease of paddy field area is mainly distributed in the green park. The study period for the main cultivated land resources city wide reduction zone, characterized Changchun City 2009-2014 years of development to the northeast to during the study period. The study area of cultivated land use change rate and dynamic degree of black soil were negative, increased from 2009-2010 years to 2013-2014 years period of time -3.463% The performance of -0.336%, the reduction of arable land rate decreased gradually. The black soil cultivated land condition shows that the study area of land outflow and inflow area ratio is 62.3:1, much higher than the inflow outflow, mainly to the urban construction land occupation, urban construction land area expansion resulted in the loss of arable land and soil quality, the distribution pattern of cultivated land change, protection the situation is more severe. (2) the farmland landscape index estimates of farmland landscape pattern Changchun city soil evolution were analyzed. The study found that black soil farmland landscape area weighted average shape factor (AWMSI), fractal dimension (f), the degree of separation (D), fragmentation (PD) and boundary fragmentation (ED) was fluctuating upward trend with time series, respectively, from 0.276,1.278,0.665,0.317 in 2009 and increased to 0.286 in 2014 and 0.305 0.295,1.283,0.708,0.351, this series of landscape index shows that the study area black The soil of cultivated land to irregular, complexity and fragmentation of evolution, and six years wide city, landscape index three districts of two district and the South Gate area is relatively high, showing the leading development direction of the main city 2009-2014 years Changchun city to the northeast and eastern direction, and the process of urbanization construction land the rapid expansion and traffic network intensive, leading to a series of landscape index and regional imbalance, but also show the stability of black soil farmland landscape pattern of the study area was gradually reduced. (3) the black soil farmland landscape pattern change in the study area lead to differences in spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of landscape ecological security degree significantly, to the study area of Yitong river for the safety degree of the eastern region is lower than the western region. The farmland landscape during the six years, the farmland landscape ecological security degree decreased, the value decreased from 0.593 in 2009 to 0.534 in 2014, with With the decline of landscape ecological security, farmland landscape vulnerability increased, and different levels of regional transformation from 2009 to 2014, the farmland landscape ecological safety of the relatively low level I and II district area gradually increased, the relative safety of higher grade area reduced, mainly to expand zone in the north. The central and Southeast three directions. The farmland landscape ecological security focus gradually to the southwest direction, a total of six years of migration of 1621.795m. showed the farmland landscape security in Eastern is lower than the west, the north than the south. In Changji integration industrial layout driven, Changchun built area of the city quickly to the northeast, East and southwest direction. The loss of a large number of black soil resources, increase the landscape corridor destroyed the original landscape of farmland, farmland decreased ability to resist risks, reduce the landscape security.

【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：P901;F323.211

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