中日同形词的偏义研究

发布时间：2018-06-22 06:30

本文选题：同形词 + 联合式合成词　；参考：《吉林大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：众所周知,中日两国在经济、生活、文化等诸多方面的交流源远流长。特别是在文化方面,日本深受中国的影响。其中,汉字就是最有代表性的表现之一。远从晋代,日本人就已经开始学习汉语,而且还将汉语的表记方式——汉字引进到日本。引进汉字之后日本才有了语言的表记方式。日后,日本人又在汉字的基础上开发了其特有的文字——假名。但是,有了自己的民族文字之后日本并没有停止汉字的使用。而且,时至今日,日语中还存在大量的汉字。据1981年日本政府发布的《常用汉字表》统计,日本现在有1945个常用汉字。常用汉字即日本人在日常的工作生活,生产活动中常用的汉字。但是,虽然汉字的数量众多,由于汉字传入日本之后与日本的民族文化,社会背景等因素相互融合,在意义、用法等诸多方面都发生了变化,有的甚至衍生出了新的意思,所以同样的汉字与现代汉语中使用的汉字之间存在着很大的差别。近年来,中日之间的交流又不断加深,学习汉语的日本人和学习日语的中国人都随之不断增加。中日两种语言都使用汉字,虽然一个使用简体字一个使用繁体字,字体上存在差别,且发音上存在差异,但是若将这些忽略不计的话,二者之间存在着大量的同形词。日本的国立国语研究所于1964年针对1956年的杂志上使用的词汇进行了大规模的调查与统计,其结果发表于《现代杂志的九十种用语用字》。结果表明,在现代日语中,按词汇种类划分,不同单词数(即同一个词不论出现几次都按“一”来统计)的47.5%为汉语词汇,总单词数的41.3%为汉语词汇。同时,日本国立国语研究所1984年的调查结果显示,在6000个基本词汇当中,有46.9%是汉语词汇。一定有很多人盲目地认为,既然汉语词汇这么多,即便发音不同,沟通也没有问题。但是,同形词的存在对于学习两种语言的人来说未必一定是好事。正所谓一切事物都有其正面的影响和负面的影响,同形词的存在也不例外。正因如此,对中日同形词的对照研究在日语和汉语研究人员中非常盛行。但是查阅以往的研究成果时发现,到目前为止,中日同形词的研究大致可以归结为两个大方向。一个是针对同形词进行总结概括性说明的同时进行词义的比较的研究。另一种是追溯同形词的成因及中日之间意思差别的成因的研究。但是,却未发现从词的内部结构的角度进行研究的文章或著作。于是,本文着眼于构词法,主要以由两个汉字组成的联合式复合词,即汉语中所说的联合式双音词为主,分析了中日同形词的词义变化与差异,并且针对联合式复合词中的偏义复合词这一群体进行了较具体的分析。本文主要依据《大辞林》、《全译古语词典》、《现代汉语大辞典》、《古代汉语词典》这四本词典进行归纳总结与分析。下面介绍一下论文的总体结构以及各章所叙述内容。论文第一章介绍了研究的契机,先行研究以及先行研究所存在的问题,本次研究的意义所在和研究的目的。日本自古代开始借用中国的汉字和汉字词,这是众所周知的事实。而由一个汉字构成的词,即单音词在古代汉语中占据主体地位。但是随着社会的发展,出于创造新词的必要性,汉语逐渐向复音词的方向发展。双音词是汉语中最主要的构词之一。其中有一部分双音词是在以往的单音词的基础上,在前面或后面附加一个意思相近、相同或相对、相反的汉字,构成新的词语。即现在所说的联合式复合词。日本在借用汉语词汇的时候势必也借用了一部分这类词语。由于在以往的研究成果中没有发现从词的内部构造进行研究的文献,所以,本文尝试了对中日同形词中的联合式复合词的探讨研究。论文第二章主要介绍了研究的方法。首先介绍了胡裕树在《现代汉语》中对合成词的分类。胡裕树认为,现代汉语的合成词大致可以分为两大类,一类是由不定位语素和定位语素组成的合成词,第二类是不定位语素相结合组成的合成词,即复合词。复合词是现代汉语中最主要、最能产的构词形式。复合词根据语素的结合方式不同有可以分为五种类别。即：联合式,附加式,补充式,陈述式,支配式。本文也采用胡裕树的分类方式,针对其中的“联合式”进行分析讨论。然后,确定一定的条件以后将《大辞林》中的符合条件的单词全部找出。第三步,再将找出的词进一步分类,根据胡裕树的分类方式,找出联合式合成词。最后,再将查找出的联合式复合词与《全译古语词典》、《现代汉语大辞典》、《古代汉语词典》三本词典一一对照,选出四本词典上都有记录的词条,作为本论文的研究对象。四本词典上全有记录的词条共计64个,这64个单词即本论文的研究对象。论文第三章主要对研究对象的意思进行了分析。首先,将64个研究对象进行分类。共按两种方式进行了分类。第一种是按照构成单词的词素的词性性质进行的分类。第二种是按照构成单词的两个词素之间的关系进行的分类。然后,按照词素的词性性质的类别进行了单词的意思分析,探讨了意思的差异及其原因。最后,第三章还对联合式复合词的偏义用法进行了考察分析。结果发现,根据偏义用法,联合式复合词里面有一部分词一直作为偏义复合词来使用。例如“学问”一词,在日语中只有“学”的意思,而没有“问”的意思。在汉语中只作派生意思来使用,词素本身的“学”与“问”的意思都已经没有。还有一部分同时拥有偏义的用法和单纯的联合式复合词的用法,具体如何使用,要根据具体的语境来进行判断。例如“始末”一词,在日语中有“事の始末(?)墜守る”这样的例句,表示始与末,自始至终的意思,但是现代日语中更多用于表示不好的结果。“自宅前(?)上(?)登(?)妻に押(?)始末(?)”就是这样的用法。但是同样的偏义用法在汉语中却不存在。这样的词语还有很多。还有一种词基本意思中没有偏义用法,但是根据所使用的语境,可以具有偏义的意义,而且词义偏向前项语素或后项语素也因语境而改变。例如“得失”一词,在汉语和日语中,词本身的基本意义为“得与失”,但是,无论汉语还是日语,根据语境都可以有偏义的用法。如在日语中有如下的例句：“私(?)得失(?)自分(?)左右(?)(?)。”“得失(?)”译为汉语是“患得患失”的意思。所以在这里应理解语义偏向为“失”。汉语有如下的例子：“拚命主义者不知此理,明明已处于确定了的不利情况,还要争一城一地的得失,结果不但城和地俱失,军力也不能保存。”分析“得失”的谓语应是“争”,不会有人争“失”,因此,此处的词义应偏向为“得”。前文也提到,此类词语的词语偏向并不固定,所以根据语境还可能有其他情况发生。论文第四章将第一章到第三章的内容进行了归纳总结,为本论文的结论部分。上述内容即本论文的简要概括。文中的一些拙见若能在中国人学习理解中日同形词的过程中起到一点微小的作用,作者将感到荣幸之至。
[Abstract]:As we all know, the exchanges between China and Japan have a long history in many aspects, such as economy, life and culture. Especially in culture, Japan is deeply influenced by China. Among them, Chinese characters are one of the most representative manifestations.
From the Jin Dynasty, the Japanese had begun to learn Chinese, and the Chinese characters were introduced to Japan. After the introduction of Chinese characters, the Japanese had a form of language. Later, the Japanese developed their own character, the pseudonym, on the basis of Chinese characters. The use of Chinese characters is stopped. Moreover, to date, there are still a large number of Chinese characters in Japanese.
According to the statistics published by the Japanese government in 1981, Japan has 1945 commonly used Chinese characters. The common Chinese characters, namely the Japanese in daily life, are commonly used in the production of Chinese characters. However, although the number of Chinese characters is large, the Chinese characters are mixed with Japanese national culture, social background and other factors after the introduction of Chinese characters to Japan. Meaning, usage and many other aspects have changed, and some even derived new meaning, so the same Chinese characters and the Chinese characters used in modern Chinese have a great difference.
In recent years, the exchange between China and Japan has deepened. Chinese Japanese and Chinese Dou Suizhi, who learn Japanese, have been increasing. The two languages of Chinese and Japanese use Chinese characters. Although one uses simplified Chinese characters, there are differences in fonts and differences in pronunciation, but if these are ignored, the two are between them. There are a large number of homomorphic words.
The National National Language Institute of Japan conducted a large-scale survey and statistics on the vocabulary used in the 1956 magazine in 1964. The results were published in the ninety types of words in modern magazines. The result shows that in modern Japanese, the number of words is divided according to the types of words and the number of words (that is, the same word appears several times according to "one". 47.5% of the Chinese vocabulary and 41.3% of the total number of words are Chinese words. At the same time, the results of the national national national National Institute of Japan in 1984 showed that 46.9% of the 6000 basic words were Chinese words.
There must be a lot of people blindly saying that since there are so many Chinese words, even if the pronunciation is different, there is no problem in communication. However, the existence of homomorphism is not necessarily a good thing for people who learn the two languages. A comparative study of Chinese and Japanese homomorphic words is very popular among Japanese and Chinese researchers.
But looking up the previous research results, it is found that so far, the study of Chinese and Japanese homomorphic words can be roughly summed up in two major directions. One is the study of the comparison of word meaning at the same time for the generality of the homomorphic words. The other is to trace the causes of the homomorphism and the cause of the difference between the Chinese and Japanese meanings. However, there are no articles or works that have been found from the perspective of the internal structure of the word. Therefore, this article focuses on the morphology, mainly based on the combined compound words composed of two Chinese characters, that is, the combination of the Chinese and the Chinese, and analyzes the changes and differences of the meaning of the Chinese and Japanese homomorphs. A more specific analysis of the group is carried out.
In this paper, the four dictionaries are summarized and analyzed based on the great words, the dictionary of the whole translation, the dictionary of modern Chinese, the ancient Chinese dictionary, and the ancient Chinese dictionary. The following is the general structure of the paper and the contents of the chapters.
The first chapter of the paper introduces the opportunity of the study, the previous research and the existing problems, the significance of this study and the purpose of the study. It is a well-known fact that Japan began to borrow Chinese characters and Chinese characters from ancient times, and the word made up of a Chinese character, that is, the monosyllabic word, occupies the main position in ancient Chinese. But with the development of society, in order to create the necessity of new words, Chinese gradually develops to the direction of the polysyllabic words. Double words are one of the most important words in Chinese. Some of them are based on the previous monosyllabic words, and a new word is made up of a new word in the front or back, which is close to, the same or opposite, and the opposite. That is, the joint compound words now said. Japan is bound to borrow some of these words when borrowing Chinese words. Since there is no literature on the internal structure of the words in the previous research results, this paper tries to study the joint compound words in the Chinese and Japanese homomorphs.
The second chapter of the paper mainly introduces the methods of research.
First, the classification of synthetic words by Hu Yushu in modern Chinese is introduced. Hu Yushu believes that the synthetic words in modern Chinese can be roughly divided into two categories: one is a synthetic word composed of unfixed morphemes and positioning morphemes, and the second is a synthetic word composed of unfixed morphemes, that is, compound words, the most important in modern Chinese. The most productive form of word formation. Compound words can be divided into five categories according to the combination of morphemes. That is, combined, additional, complementary, declarative, and dominant. This paper also uses Hu Yu tree's classification method to analyze and discuss the "union".
Then, after determining certain conditions, we will find out all the qualified words in the big words.
The third step is to further classify the identified words and find out the combined compound words according to Hu Yushu's classification.
Finally, the joint compound words found out and the whole dictionary of ancient Chinese, the modern Chinese dictionary, the ancient Chinese dictionary and the three dictionaries are compared, and the entries in the four dictionaries are selected as the object of the study. The total number of recorded words in the four dictionary is 64, and the 64 words are the subjects of this paper.
The third chapter mainly analyzes the meaning of the research object.
First of all, the 64 subjects were classified. The first category was classified according to two ways. The first was the classification of the morphological characters of the morphemes of the words. The second species were classified according to the relationship between the two morphemes of the words.
Then, according to the category of morphemes, the meaning of words is analyzed, and the differences of meaning and reasons are discussed.
Finally, the third chapter also makes an investigation and analysis of the partial meaning of the joint compound. The result shows that, according to the use of partial meaning, there is a participle in the combination compound which has been used as a partial meaning compound. For example, the word "learning" is only the meaning of "learning" in Japanese, but not the meaning of "ask". To use it, the meaning of "learning" and "asking" of the morpheme have not been used. There is also a part of the use of partial meaning and the use of simple combined compound words, and how to use it in specific context. An example is the meaning of the beginning and the end, from the beginning to the end, but more of the modern Japanese is used to express the bad results. "The first and the last (?)" is the same usage. But the same deviation is not found in Chinese. There are many words like this. There is no partial meaning in the basic meaning of the word. But according to the context used, it can have the meaning of partial meaning, and the meaning bias to the former morpheme or the later morpheme is also changed by the context. For example, the word "gain and loss", in Chinese and Japanese, the basic meaning of the word itself is "gain and lose", however, both Chinese and Japanese, according to the context, can have a partial meaning. There is the following example in Japanese: "private (?) gain and loss" (?) is left and right (?). "" gain and loss "is translated into Chinese as a" gain and loss ". Therefore, the semantic deviation should be understood here as" loss ". The result of the gain and loss is not only the loss of the city and the ground, but the strength of the army. "The predicate of the analysis of" gains and losses "should be" contention ", and no one is contending for" loss ". Therefore, the meaning of the word should be biased toward" gain ".
The fourth chapter summarizes the contents of the first chapter to the third chapter, which is the conclusion of this paper.
The above content is a brief summary of this paper. If some of the humble opinions in this article can play a minor role in the process of Chinese and Japanese homomorphism in learning and understanding, the author will be honored.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：H36

【引证文献】