不同养猪模式下环境中重金属累积特征

发布时间：2018-01-25 15:06

本文关键词： 猪发酵床垫料土壤传统养殖重金属　出处：《扬州大学》2015年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：随着畜牧业养殖的集约化、规模化程度不断提高,畜禽粪尿对土壤环境的影响日益受到人们的关注。其中,重金属是畜禽粪尿中的主要污染物之一,畜禽粪尿对环境的直接排放,使重金属成为影响土壤健康的限制因素；发酵床养殖通过微生物对垫料中畜禽粪尿的分解来降低对环境的直接排放,对减少土壤的重金属污染具有重要意义。本研究通过对发酵床垫料、垫料下土壤、发酵床外土壤和传统猪场的土壤样品进行为期一年的定点测定,对垫料中重金属累积状况进行研究,探讨垫料的重金属累积特性,为垫料后期的利用提供参考；通过发酵床和传统规模化养殖猪舍外土壤样品中重金属随时间含量变化情况的研究,评价发酵床养殖与传统规模化养殖对土壤环境重金属的影响。旨在为发酵床的推广应用、环境评价、垫料的后期利用提供参考依据。得到主要结论如下：(1)发酵床养殖中猪粪尿中的重金属主要集中在发酵床垫料中,Cu、Zn、Cr、As、 Pb、Ni、Cd、Mn在0～40 cm垫料层含量的累积量分别为50.81、84.32、36.08、7.25、12.12、65.99、2.79、2343.68mg·kg-1,对垫料下层土壤影响较小。(2)发酵床垫料经一年的使用,垫料中Pb、Cd均超过了国家规定的有机肥料含量最大值,废弃垫料的后期利用要经过添加调理剂、经堆肥处理等,稀释垫料中的重金属,将垫料无害化处理后才能加以利用。(3)发酵床养殖会造成猪舍外土壤中重金属的累积,0-80cm土壤层次Cd均超过了国家三级土壤标准含量,种植在此土壤中的农作物存在一定的安全隐患,Ni超过了国家二级土壤标准,尚未达到三级土壤的标准值,目前还处在安全的范围内。(4)传统规模化养殖猪舍外土壤与发酵床养殖方式猪舍外的土壤类似,Cd超过了国家三级土壤标准含量,Ni超过了国家二级土壤标准,但与三级土壤的标准值还有差距,处在安全的范围内。(5)经过一年的试验期,20～80 cm土层发酵床养殖方式的Cu、Zn、Cr、As、Pb、 Ni、Cd、Mn累积量分别为7.42、16.83、0.69、2.05、8.07、33.66、1.09、269.03mg·kg-1;传统猪场外土壤样品累积量分别达34.45、55.31、45.41、3.58、25.29、37.81、2.12、591.71mg·kg-1。传统规模化养殖方式猪舍外的土壤重金属含量的累积量均高于发酵床养殖方式猪舍外的重金属累积,说明发酵床养殖方式在对土壤环境重金属污染方面要低于传统规模化养殖,对于缓解畜禽养殖对土壤重金属污染效果显著。
[Abstract]:With the intensification of animal husbandry and the improvement of scale, people pay more and more attention to the influence of livestock manure and urine on soil environment. Among them, heavy metal is one of the main pollutants in animal manure and urine. The direct discharge of animal feces and urine to the environment makes heavy metals a limiting factor affecting the health of soil. Fermentation bed culture through the microbial decomposition of livestock and poultry manure in the mat to reduce the direct emissions of the environment, to reduce the soil pollution of heavy metals. The soil samples of fermenting bed and traditional pig farm were determined for one year. The accumulation of heavy metals in the cushion was studied, and the characteristics of heavy metal accumulation in the cushion were discussed, which provided a reference for the later utilization of the gasket. The changes of heavy metals in soil samples from fermenting bed and traditional large-scale pig house with time were studied. To evaluate the effects of fermenting bed culture and traditional large-scale culture on heavy metals in soil environment. The main conclusions are as follows: 1) the heavy metals in pig feces and urine in fermenting bed are mainly concentrated in the fermentative bed cushions. The accumulative amount of Ni ~ (2 +) CD ~ (2 +) mn in 0 ~ (40) cm cushion layer is 50.81 ~ 84.32 ~ 36.08 ~ (7.25) ~ (12.12) ~ (65.9) ~ (9) ~ 2.79, respectively. 2343.68 mg 路kg ~ (-1), the effect on the subsoil of the cushion was less. 2) after one year's use of the fermenting bed pad, the content of Pb ~ (2 +) CD in the cushion exceeded the maximum content of organic fertilizer stipulated by the state. The heavy metals in the waste bedding should be diluted by adding conditioning agent, composting and so on. It was found that the accumulation of heavy metals in the soil outside the pig shed was higher than that in the third grade of the national soil standard for CD accumulation in 0-80cm soil layer after innocuous treatment of the bedding material before it could be used in the fermenting bed. The crops planted in this soil have a certain safety hidden danger. The Ni exceeds the national standard of the second grade soil and has not reached the standard value of the third grade soil. At present, it is still in the safe range. 4) the content of CD in the soil outside the traditional large-scale pig house is higher than that in the third grade of national soil standard, which is similar to that in the outside of the fermenting bed. Ni exceeded the national secondary soil standard, but still has a gap with the standard value of the third grade soil, and is in a safe range. In 2080 cm soil layer, the accumulative amount of Cu ~ (2 +) Zn ~ (2 +) Cr ~ (2 +) and Ni ~ (2 +) CD ~ (2 +) were 7.42 ~ (16.83) ~ (0.69) ~ 2.05, respectively. 8.07C 33.66C 1.09U 269.03mg 路kg -1; The accumulative amount of soil samples outside the traditional pig farm was 34.45 ~ 55.31 ~ 45.41 ~ 3.58 ~ 25.29 ~ 37.81 ~ (-1) ~ 2.12, respectively. 591. 71mg 路kg -1. The accumulation of heavy metals in the soil outside the pig house was higher than that in the fermenting bed. The results showed that the fermentation bed culture method was lower in heavy metal pollution in soil environment than that in traditional scale culture, which had a significant effect on alleviating the pollution of heavy metals in soil by livestock and poultry breeding.
【学位授予单位】：扬州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：S828

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