蒙古高原中蒙典型草原放牧生态学比较研究

发布时间：2018-07-04 13:05

  本文选题：蒙古高原 + 中蒙典型草原　； 参考：《内蒙古农业大学》2017年博士论文

【摘要】：蒙古高原典型草原主要分布在中国内蒙古东北和蒙古国东部地区,该地区两国的自然地貌,植被特征相似,人文历史,语言文化相通。游牧制度在蒙古高原传承几千年,至今也是蒙古国主要的生产方式,中国内蒙古近30年来以定居放牧为主,草地被围栏分割,游牧逐渐消失。哪种放牧制度更符合蒙古高原草原生态系统的可持续发展和环境保护?是面临蒙古高原草地畜牧业的重要问题,因此比较中蒙典型草原不同放牧制度、不同放牧强度对草地植被生态学的影响,具有重要的理论和实践意义。本项研究主要以中国内蒙古定居放牧、内蒙古二季轮牧、蒙古国四季游牧、蒙古定居放牧四种放牧形式进行对比研究,主要研究结果如下:1.中蒙典型草原不同放牧制度的放牧强度比较结果:中国内蒙古典型草原以定居为主的草地上重度超载面积(58.95%)极显著高于以为游牧为主蒙古国(14.89%);蒙古国适度放牧和少牧草场面积(74.47%)极显著高于中国内蒙古(12.63%)。内蒙古典型草原平均超载率极显著高于蒙古国典型草原。2.中蒙典型草原不同放牧方式对植被群落特性的影响研究结果:内蒙古草地退化程度严重高于蒙古国。蒙古国以游牧为主的草地在总盖度(60.40%)、分种盖度合(64.85%)、基盖度(37.64%)、枯草盖度(27.77%)、抽穗率(12.61%)、株丛数(183.44株丛/m2)、鲜草产量(249.21 gFW/m2)和物种数(18.73种/m2)等方面均显著高于以定居放牧为主的内蒙古(总盖度38.5%、分种盖度44.99%、基盖度18.43%、枯草盖度13.18%、抽穗率8.75%、总株丛数81.03株丛/m2、鲜草产量129.91g FW/m2、物种数13.52种/m2)。其中退化草地的基盖度、枯草盖度和砂石盖度差异极显著,是草地退化评价的重要指标。鉴于放牧和气候等因子的影响,在生殖枝、营养枝高度方面两国差异不显著。不宜作为草地退化的评价指标。3.中蒙不同放牧方式对群落生物多样性(生活型和水分生态型)影响研究:蒙古国定居放牧草原群落中多年生植物比例极显著高于内蒙古定居放牧,而一、二年草本植物显著低于内蒙古;蒙古国游牧放牧的植被群落的多年生和二年生草本植物显著高于内蒙古二季轮牧草原群落,而一年生草本显著低于内蒙古。群落水分生态型研究显示:蒙古国定居和游牧草原群落的旱生、旱中生、中旱生植物、中生植物、湿生植物均显著高于内蒙古定居和二季轮牧群落。蒙古国游牧方式较内蒙古定居放牧利于维持了群落物种的生物多样性和稳定性。4.中蒙典型草原放牧饮水方式对植被群落特性的研究结果:以利用地下水资源为主的内蒙古定居放牧草场的饮水点相对固定,草地的践踏损伤程度高于以地上水源为主的蒙古游牧,内蒙古植被群落平均总盖度(38.49%)、基盖度(18.43%)、枯草盖度(10.0%),显著低于以蒙古国利用地表水放牧类型的平均总盖度(53.70%)、基盖度(34.14%)、枯草盖度(19.57%);蒙古国定居草场的砂石盖度(21.93%)显著低于内蒙古定居草场的砂石盖度(32.76%)。5.中蒙典型草原放牧方式对群落营养特性影响的研究结果:中国内蒙古典型草原总平均全氮(0.28g · kg-1DW)与蒙古国(0.26g · kg-DW)差异不显著;全磷、全钾含量(2.23和0.75g · kg-1DW)显著高于蒙古(1.19和0.47 g · kg-1DW);糖含量(33.32 g · kg-1DW)、叶绿素含量(2.64 g · kg-1DW)和胡萝卜素含量(0.70 g· kg-1DW)也显著高于蒙古(18.41、1.51 和 0.41 g· kg1DW)。放牧方式、放牧强度和放牧水源距离等放牧因素对典型草原主要植物营养特性的影响存在显著的差异,内蒙古定居放牧、二季轮牧放牧方式间的营养差异显著,而游牧为主的蒙古国放牧方式对草原营养特性的影响不明显。6.放牧对中蒙典型草原土壤营养特性影响的研究结果:在四季游牧为主的蒙古国典型草原,放牧方式、放牧强度和水源距离对土壤营养含量及比例关系影响不显著。而在内蒙古典型草原,放牧方式、放牧强度和水远距离均有较大的影响。中国内蒙古与蒙古两地典型草原表层土壤营养特性间的差异显著。其中内蒙古土壤的 N、P、K 含量(0.62 g·Kg-1、0.23g·Kg-1、6.66g·Kg-1)显著低于蒙古国 N,P,K 含量(14.97 g · Kg-1、0.45 g · Kg-1 8.69g · Kg-1)。7.不同放牧方式对中蒙典型草原植被土壤种子库特性影响的研究结果:蒙古国总平均土壤种子库密度(3098.92粒·m2)极显著高于中国内蒙古典型草原(2492.29粒·m2)。以四季游牧为主的蒙古国典型草原土壤种子库密度(3122.26(粒·m2)显著高于内蒙古两季轮牧(1578.55粒·m-2);蒙古国打草场种子库密度(11963.03粒·m2)显著高于内蒙古打草场(2350.73粒·m2);内蒙古定居放牧典型草原土壤种子库密度(1643.41粒·m2)显著高于蒙古国定居放牧草场种子库密度(3207.66粒· m 2)。8.蒙古高原不同放牧制度的生态学差异研究结果:中国内蒙古长期定居放牧后,草地生物的食物链断裂,阻断了物质流的交融互补,降低了草原生物多样性的稳定的,草原生态系统被破碎化管理,打破了草地生态系统的平衡发展,不利于草地生态系统生态损伤的自然恢复。而蒙古游牧制度则相反,以不断变换移动的放牧方式适应蒙古高原复杂的气候变化、地形地貌、植物群落特征,维持了蒙古高原典型草原生态系统的完整性和可持续利用。蒙古高原上游牧制度有其独特的社会和自然属性,有其严密的科学性和生态学价值,今后应重视蒙古游牧制度的系统性研究,弘扬其生态学价值,结合现代技术发展蒙古民族的智能游牧制度。
[Abstract]:The typical grasslands of the Mongolia plateau are mainly distributed in the northeast of China and the eastern part of the country of Mongolia. The natural physiognomy of the two countries is similar, the characteristics of vegetation are similar, the human history and the language and culture are connected. The nomadic system is inherited for thousands of years in the Mongolia plateau, and is also the main way of birth and production in Mongolia. In recent 30 years, Inner Mongolia in China has settled for grazing in Mongolia. The grassland is divided and the pasture is gradually disappearing. Which kind of grazing system is more consistent with the sustainable development and environmental protection of the grassland ecosystem in Mongolia plateau? It is an important problem facing the grassland animal husbandry in Mongolia plateau. Therefore, the different grazing systems of the typical grassland in the middle Mongolia are compared, and the influence of different grazing intensity on the grassland vegetation ecology is heavy. The main research results are as follows: 1. the results are as follows: 1. the results are as follows: 1. the comparison results of the grazing intensity of different grazing systems in the typical grasslands of China and Mongolia are as follows: the typical steppe of Inner Mongolia, China, is a typical steppe in Inner Mongolia, China. The heavy overloading area (58.95%) on the grassland was significantly higher than that of the nomadic Mongolia (14.89%), and the moderate grazing and less pasture area (74.47%) in Mongolia were significantly higher than that of Inner Mongolia in China (12.63%). The average overloading rate of the typical prairie in Inner Mongolia was significantly higher than that of the different pastures in the typical steppe.2. of the typical steppe of Mongolia. The result of the study on the characteristics of vegetation community: the grassland degradation in Inner Mongolia is much higher than that of Mongolia. The pasture of nomadic grassland in Mongolia is in total coverage (60.40%), the coverage coverage (64.85%), the base coverage (37.64%), the dry grass coverage (27.77%), the heading rate (12.61%), the number of bushes (183.44 plants /m2), the yield of fresh grass (249.21 gFW/m2) and the number of species (18). .73 species /m2) and other aspects were significantly higher than that of Inner Mongolia (total coverage 38.5%, seed coverage 44.99%, base coverage 18.43%, dry grass coverage 13.18%, heading rate 8.75%, total plant number 81.03 cluster /m2, fresh grass yield 129.91g FW/m2, species number 13.52 /m2), among which the basal cover of degraded grassland, dry grass coverage and sand cover coverage were very significant. It is an important indicator of grassland degradation assessment. In view of the effects of grazing and climate factors, the differences between the two countries are not significant in the reproductive branches and the height of the vegetative branches. It is not suitable to be used as an evaluation index for grassland degradation,.3., and the influence of different Grazing Methods on the community biodiversity (life type and water ecotype): the Mongolia pasture grassland group The percentage of perennial plants in the falling perennial plants was significantly higher than that in Inner Mongolia, while the first, two year herbaceous plants were significantly lower than that in Inner Mongolia, and the perennial and biennial herbs of the nomadic vegetation communities in Mongolia were significantly higher than those in the two quarter of Inner Mongolia, while the annual herbage was significantly lower than that of Inner Mongolia. The drought, drought, middle, middle and wet plants in Mongolia and nomadic grassland communities were significantly higher than those in Inner Mongolia and two seasons. The nomadic way of Mongolia was more favorable to maintain the biodiversity and stability of the community species than that in Inner Mongolia. The study results of the characteristics of vegetation community: the drinking point of Inner Mongolia settled grazing grassland with groundwater resources is relatively fixed. The damage degree of grassland is higher than that of Mongolia nomadic on the ground water source. The average total coverage (38.49%), base coverage (18.43%), and dry grass coverage (10%) of Inner Mongolia vegetation community are significantly lower than that of Mongolia national profit. The average total coverage (53.70%), base coverage (34.14%), and dry grass coverage (19.57%) were used for the grazing types of the surface water, and the sand and gravel coverage (21.93%) of the Mongolia settled grassland was significantly lower than that of the Inner Mongolia settled grassland (32.76%). The results of the study on the influence of the grazing mode of the typical steppe on the nutrient characteristics of the Mongolia Grassland: the total leveling of the typical grassland in Inner Mongolia, China The difference of total nitrogen (0.28g. Kg-1DW) and Mongolia (0.26g kg-DW) was not significant, total P, total potassium content (2.23 and 0.75g. Kg-1DW) were significantly higher than that of Mongolia (1.19 and 0.47 g kg-1DW), sugar content (33.32 g kg-1DW), chlorophyll content (2.64 g kg-1DW) and carotene content (0.70) were also significantly higher than that of Mongolia (0.41 and 0.41). G. Kg1DW). Grazing methods, grazing intensity and grazing water distance and other grazing factors have significant differences on the nutritional characteristics of the main plants in the typical steppe. In Inner Mongolia, the vegetative difference between the two seasons of grazing and grazing is significant, while the grazing mode of the nomadic Mongolia country has no obvious effect on the nutritional characteristics of the grassland by.6. Study on the influence of pasture on the soil nutrition characteristics of the typical grassland of China and Mongolia: the grazing mode, grazing intensity and the distance of water source have no significant influence on the soil nutrient content and proportion in the typical grassland of Mongolia, but in the typical steppe of Inner Mongolia, the grazing mode, grazing intensity and water distance have great influence on China. There are significant differences between the surface soil nutrition characteristics of the typical steppe in Inner Mongolia and Mongolia. The N, P, K content of Inner Mongolia soil (0.62 G. Kg-1,0.23g. Kg-1,6.66g. Kg-1) is significantly lower than Mongolia N, P, K content (14.97 G. Kg-1,0.45). The results of the study showed that the total average soil seed bank density (3098.92 grain m2) in Mongolia was significantly higher than that of the typical prairie (2492.29. M2) in China. The soil seed bank density (3122.26 (M2)) of the typical steppe of the four seasons nomadic (3122.26 grain. M2) was significantly higher than that in the two quarter of Inner Mongolia (1578.55. M-2), and the seed of the grassland in Mongolia. The density of the subpool (11963.03 grain. M2) was significantly higher than the Inner Mongolia grassland (2350.73 grain. M2); the soil seed bank density (1643.41 grain m2) of the typical pasture grassland in Inner Mongolia was significantly higher than that of the seed bank density (3207.66. M 2) in the pasture pasture of Mongolia, and the results of the ecological differences in the different grazing systems of the Mongolia plateau in the.8. plateau of China: Inner Mongolia, China After long-term settlement, the food chain of grassland organism breaks, blocking the mutual complementation of material flow and reducing the stability of grassland biodiversity. The grassland ecosystem is fragmented and managed, which breaks the balanced development of grassland ecosystem and is not conducive to the natural recovery of ecological damage of grassland ecosystem, while the Mongolia nomadic system is the opposite. The constantly changing and moving grazing methods adapt to the complex climate change, topography, and plant community characteristics of the Mongolia plateau, and maintain the integrity and sustainable utilization of the typical grassland ecosystem in the Mongolia plateau. The nomadic system on the Mongolia plateau has its unique social and natural attributes, and has its strict scientific and ecological value. We should pay attention to the systematic study of nomadic system in Mongolia, carry forward its ecological value, and develop the intelligent nomadic system of Mongolia nationality with modern technology.
【学位授予单位】：内蒙古农业大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S812
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