美国义务教育财政诉讼对教育公平的促进作用研究

发布时间：2018-05-10 14:56

本文选题：义务教育 + 财政诉讼　；参考：《华中师范大学》2016年硕士论文

【摘要】：教育公平是世界各国都要面临的普遍性难题。在义务教育资源配置的公平问题上,美国,主要是各州所呈现的法律诉讼形式在解决此问题上取得了很大的成效。对于旨在实现教育公平的教育财政改革来说,司法手段的干预可以提供一个全新的研究视角来审视美国所发生的义务教育财政改革,进而从中可以透视出其教育公平的发展路径。美国义务教育财政诉讼发生的动因,包括美国分权体制下教育财政的困境、美国教育财政对财产税的依赖以及在美国教育财政体制中各利益主体的博弈等,可谓互相交织。在对美国义务教育财政诉讼的发展脉络进行梳理的过程中可将其归纳为质疑教育经费分配的萌芽期(20世纪早期——60年代)、实现生均教育经费均等的发展期(20世纪70年代)、诉求学生教育结果公平的高潮期(20世纪80年代)以及关于“充足”的回溯期及诉讼焦点的新兴期(20世纪90年代以来)这四个时期,并各自选取有代表性的诉讼判例作为论据进行论证,总结出美国教育财政主题经历了公平、充足、效率和选择的演变,每一阶段的发展都是更高层次的公平,这也是随着社会的进步,公众对教育事业发展需求的体现。在整个美国义务教育财政诉讼中,其对美国教育公平的发展突出表现在以下几个方面：首先是调整了公平理念的价值内涵,由浅入深；其次是促进了美国教育标准化改革,具体到学生的学习结果；再次是推动了教育经费管理体制的变革,包括投入主体重心的上移及转移支付制度的建立；最后则是发挥了教育选择的积极作用,将绩效因素纳入到资金投入的考量范围。总的来看,由诉讼所引发的美国基础教育财政政策的演变,对我们在改革资金来源方式、财政拨款充足,资金使用充分,落实家庭教育选择权利等方面给予启示。
[Abstract]:Educational fairness is a universal problem facing all countries in the world. On the issue of fairness in the allocation of compulsory education resources, the United States, mainly states, has achieved great results in resolving this problem in the form of legal proceedings. For the educational financial reform aimed at achieving educational fairness, the intervention of judicial means can provide a new research perspective to examine the financial reform of compulsory education that has taken place in the United States. From it, we can find out the development path of educational equity. The causes of financial litigation in compulsory education in the United States, including the dilemma of education finance under the decentralized system, the dependence of American education finance on property tax and the game between various interest parties in American educational finance system, can be described as intertwined. In the course of sorting out the development of the financial litigation of compulsory education in the United States, we can conclude it as the embryonic period of questioning the allocation of education funds in the early 1960s, and the development period of realizing the equalization of education expenditure per student. In the 1970s, the high tide of appealing for a fair outcome of student education was in the 1980s) and the emerging period of "sufficiency" and the focus of litigation began in the 1990s. And each selected representative litigation case as the argument, summed up that the theme of education finance in the United States has undergone the evolution of fairness, adequacy, efficiency and choice, each stage of development is a higher level of fairness. This is also with the progress of society, the public on the development of education needs. In the financial litigation of compulsory education in the whole United States, its development of educational fairness in the United States is manifested in the following aspects: firstly, it adjusts the value connotation of the concept of equity, and second, it promotes the reform of American education standardization. Specific to the students' learning results; thirdly, it promotes the reform of the educational funds management system, including the shift of the main focus of input and the establishment of the transfer payment system; finally, it plays a positive role in the choice of education. Take performance factors into account for capital investment. On the whole, the evolution of American basic education fiscal policy caused by litigation can enlighten us in reforming the source of funds, adequate financial allocation, adequate use of funds, and implementing the right of family education to choose.
【学位授予单位】：华中师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：G639.712

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