清末学堂中的身体规训

发布时间：2018-08-23 15:43

【摘要】： 清末的教育变革是一场历史巨变,或被动或主动地带来了中国教育诸多现代性的发生。将“臣民”改造为“国民”的思想表达,进一步推动了这一场教育变革从“制度”转向“人”的重心转移。因“不卫生”而引致的对中国人身体素质低劣的批判,引发出从未被重视的“私人身体”转化为“国家身体”的公共论题,由此促成了国民塑造首先被聚焦于身体改造问题,并成为新式学堂变革的重要主题。它一方面产生了新式学堂的体育卫生规章,导致学校体育卫生领域的重大变革,另一方面也促成了学生身体改造的诸多公共后果,传递出身体改造的努力与强国强民共识之间的逻辑关联。本文所选取的正是这一段尚未被学界充分关注的研究领域。研究以1895年至1911年间存在的新式学堂规章制度为基本对象,充分结合各种学堂文本、媒体文献、视觉资料、民俗资料等,聚焦于清末新式学堂是如何通过身体规训把学生塑造为国民这一论题。这一论题被分解为三个具体问题:(1)学堂对身体改造的合理性是如何建立的?(2)学堂是如何实施身体改造的?(3)学堂的身体改造达成了怎样的身体后果? 研究发现:(1)学堂对身体改造的合理性建立在“身体是国家的”这一观念变革。这一过程源起于西方殖民者对中国人身体“污名化”的形象建构,尤其反映在“不卫生”、“羸弱的体质”、“不讲效率和缺乏时间观”、“缠足的妇女”等方面,在被清末精英认同并被纳入“国民塑造”的思想体系,最终落实在清末教育变革的政策发动、民间精英多种教育实践尝试后得以实现。(2)学堂的身体改造主要围绕着“国家化身体开发的国民塑造”而展开,尤其反映在四个方面:讲究卫生、强调纪律和效率、统一学生服饰和去性别化的女生。(3)在整体社会层面,学堂的身体改造达成了将传统以来的“个人身体”转变为“国家身体”的全新后果,尤其反映在四个方面:身体被收归国有、身体被赋予公共管理、身体被划定政治归属、身体被赋予国民义务。反思这一段教育历史,本文认为:清末的教育变革是一场外源促动并经内部改造的复杂互动结果,这一场变革客观上达成了从“臣民”到“国民”的变革,但却未进一步实现从“国民”到“公民”的现代转变。进一步而言,从“身体是私人的”到“身体是国家的”的转变是历史的进步,但“自由的国民”也即“公民身份”的身体开发未能在此期实现,后者事实上也是中国教育现代化进程中“塑造公民”的重要议题。
[Abstract]:The educational reform in the late Qing Dynasty was a great historical change, which either passively or actively brought about many modernity of Chinese education. The thought of transforming "subjects" into "nationals" further promoted the change of education from "system" to "human". The criticism of the poor physical quality of the Chinese resulting from "unsanitary" has given rise to the public debate that "private body" has never been taken seriously into "national body", which has led to the first focus of national shaping on the issue of physical transformation. And become an important theme of new school reform. On the one hand, it has produced new school sports health regulations, leading to major changes in the field of school sports and hygiene, on the other hand, it has also contributed to many public consequences of students' physical transformation. It conveys the logical connection between the efforts of body reform and the consensus of strong power and strong people. What this article chooses is precisely this paragraph has not been fully concerned by the academic field of research. The study takes the rules and regulations of the new school that existed from 1895 to 1911 as the basic object, and fully combines various kinds of school texts, media documents, visual materials, folklore materials, etc. Focus on the late Qing Dynasty modern schools how to shape students as a nation through physical discipline. This thesis is divided into three specific questions: (1) how is the rationality of the physical transformation established in the school? (2) how does the school implement the physical transformation? (3) what physical consequences have been achieved by the physical transformation of the school? The conclusions are as follows: (1) the rationality of the transformation of the body in the school is based on the change of the idea that the body is the state. This process originated from the image construction of the Chinese body "stigmatized" by Western colonists, especially in the aspects of "unsanitary", "weak constitution", "lack of efficiency and lack of time view", "foot-bound women" and so on. It was recognized by the elite in the late Qing Dynasty and incorporated into the ideological system of "shaping the people", and finally implemented the policy of educational reform in the late Qing Dynasty. Many kinds of educational practice of the folk elite can be realized. (2) the body transformation of the school mainly revolves around "the national shaping of the national body development", especially reflected in four aspects: pay attention to hygiene, emphasize discipline and efficiency. Unifying the dress of students and de-gender female students. (3) at the overall social level, the physical transformation of the school has achieved a new consequence of transforming the traditional "body of the individual" into the "body of the nation." In particular, it is reflected in four aspects: the body is nationalized, the body is given public administration, the body is assigned to politics, and the body is entrusted with national duties. Reflecting on this period of educational history, this paper holds that the educational reform in the late Qing Dynasty was the result of a complex interaction promoted by external factors and reformed internally, which objectively achieved the transformation from "subjects" to "citizens". However, the modern transformation from "citizen" to "citizen" has not been further realized. Further, the transition from "the body is private" to "the body is national" is progress in history, but the development of the body of a "free national", or "citizenship", has not been realized during this period. In fact, the latter is also an important topic in the process of educational modernization in China.
【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：G529;K257

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