不同效价情绪对儿童决策信心的影响

发布时间：2018-04-03 05:03

本文选题：决策信心　切入点：情绪效价　出处：《辽宁师范大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：心理学研究者一直以来都在探索大脑信息加工方面的惊人能力,如在自动加工和直觉思维等方面。虽然通常情况下人们的认知效率保证了人们适应良好,但过高的认知效率偶尔也会出错,出现非理性的现象。例如情绪对人们的认知的影响。关于情绪对决策的影响,研究者最初认为情绪是推理和决策等理性思维的破坏力量,但Berntson等人认为这种观点太过简单。早期的决策理论认为“人是直觉的统计学家”,人们在不确定性情境下做出决策时,总是寻求期望效用的最大化。所谓的效用是指人们决策过程中的判断和估计并不是依赖于获益本身,而是依赖于获益后的心理满足或愉悦程度,这种心理上的主观体验被Bernouli称之为效用。人类不是冷冰冰的计算机,而是有感情的生物。研究者早就通过比较幸福和悲伤的个体揭示出了情绪在多大程度上会影响认知活动。情绪是人一切心理活动的背景,能够驱策个体做出反应,影响人的思维和行动。情绪是影响决策的一个极为重要的因素。情绪有积极与消极之分,而不同性质的情绪可能会对决策有不同的作用。研究发现不同情绪在不确定情景下对决策具有不同的影响,消极情绪状态下的个体容易作出悲观的判断和选择,而积极情绪状态下的个体倾向于对事物作出乐观的判断和选择。决策信心是指个体在进行决策或判断时,对其决策最优性或正确性的信心程度。只要人们在做决策,就会产生决策信心,决策信心又反过来对决策过程产生影响。决策信心是决策过程中认知活动与情绪活动的重要桥梁,可能是决策过程中的一个基本成分。以往对决策信心的研究主要关注的是成人的决策信心。Byrnes采用传统的二择一任务范式研究儿童和成人的决策,并通过事后访谈法比较他们的决策策略和自我决策能力的信念。结果发现,成人能比儿童做出更好的选择,并且当决策越复杂时,这种年龄的差异就越大。因为成人在评估多种选项的时候,会比儿童使用更多的策略和信息,而且成人在选择时的自信更高,对自己的能力有更积极的信念。因此成人的决策信心与儿童的决策信心还是有很大差异,有必要研究儿童的决策信心的发展。本研究采用不同效价的情绪图片诱发3年级和5年级儿童的不同情绪,考察不同效价情绪对儿童决策信心的影响。以往认为决策活动中人们更改自己先去选择的次数可以反映决策者的决策信心,即更改次数越多,表明决策主体对自己所做决策效用的信心越不足,更改次数越少,表明决策主体对自己所做决策的信心越充足。本研究通过分析线条长短判断任务中3年级儿童和5年级儿童在不同效价情绪启动条件下更改选择的平均次数发现,5年级儿童更改选择的平均次数显著少于3年级儿童更改选择的次数；5年级儿童在积极情绪启动条件下更改选择的平均次数显著少于其他两种情绪启动条件。结果表明5年级儿童的决策信心更大；与消极情绪和中性情绪启动相比,5年级儿童在积极情绪启动下,决策信心更大。
[Abstract]:Researchers have been exploring the amazing ability of brain information processing, such as automatic processing and intuitive thinking. Although usually under the people's cognitive efficiency to ensure the people to adapt to the good, but the high cognitive efficiency would occasionally go wrong, irrational phenomenon. Such as emotional impact on people's cognition.
On the effect of emotion on decision-making, the researchers initially thought that emotion is the destructive power of reasoning and decision making of rational thinking, but Berntson and others believe that this view is too simple. Early decision theory that "man is intuitive statisticians", people make decisions in uncertain situations, always seek the expected utility maximization. The utility means that the decision-making process of judgment and estimate does not depend on the benefit itself, but depends on the benefit after the psychological satisfaction or pleasure degree, the psychological subjective experience is called Bernouli effect. Human is not cold computer, but there are emotional creatures. Researchers already through comparison of individual happiness and sadness reveals the extent to which the mood will affect the cognitive activities. Emotion is all mental activity in the background, to urge individual response, influence People's thinking and action. The mood is a decision is the most important factor. The mood of positive and negative points, different emotions may have different effects on decision-making. The study found that different emotions in uncertain situations have different influence on decision-making, negative emotional state of the individual to make a pessimistic judgment and choice, and the individual tendency of positive emotional state to make optimistic judgment and choice of things.
Decision making confidence is that the individual in the decision or judgment, the degree of confidence in its decision optimality or validity. As long as people to make decisions, will have confidence in the decision-making, decision-making confidence, in turn have an influence on the decision making decision. Confidence is an important bridge between cognition and emotion in the decision-making process, may be a the basic components of the decision-making process. Previous research on decision confidence was the main concern of decision confidence.Byrnes adult task paradigm of children and adults using the traditional two selection decision, and through the interview method to compare their decision strategy and decision-making confidence. Results showed that adults can make better than children the choice, and when the decision is more complex, this age difference is bigger. When the adult in the evaluation of a variety of options, will use strategies and more information than children, and Adults are more confident in their choice and have more positive beliefs about their abilities. Therefore, adults' decision-making confidence is quite different from children's decision-making confidence, so it is necessary to study the development of children's decision-making confidence.
This study uses emotional pictures evoked different valence of different emotions in grade 3 and 5 grade children, the influence of different emotions on children's confidence in the decision-making. The past that people in decision to choose their first number change can reflect the decision that changed more confidence, more often, that decision subject to what he is doing the utility decision confidence is insufficient, the less the amount of change, that decision subject make decision more confidence. Through the analysis of line length judgment the average number of children of grade 3 and 5 grade children tasks change the selection in different valence emotion priming conditions, the average number of children of grade 5 significantly change the selection the number of children less than 3 grade change selection; average number of 5 graders choose to change the starting in the positive emotions under the condition of significantly less than the other two kinds of emotion and The results showed that children in Grade 5 had greater confidence in decision-making. Compared with negative emotion and neutral emotion, children in Grade 5 had more confidence in decision-making under positive emotion.

【学位授予单位】：辽宁师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：G444

【参考文献】