小学高年级学生三视图还原几何体困难的原因分析及对策研究

发布时间：2018-03-09 14:01

本文选题：小学高年级　切入点：数学教学　出处：《山东师范大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：三视图是小学高年级数学的必修内容,也是几何教学的基础,是培养小学高年级学生空间观念的主要内容,其中,三视图的难点是由三视图还原立体几何体。在目前的小学数学教学中,对于三视图还原几何体问题,需要学生具有较高的空间想象能力和逻辑思维能力,因此,三视图还原几何体问题的学习比较困难,也不太容易理解,使得学生的学习效果较差。因此,应当调查研究当前造成小学高年级学生三视图还原几何体问题比较困难的原因,并逐一分析,进而找出相应的对策,给出有效的解答三视图还原几何体问题的方法,让学生有迹可循,让那些即使空间想象能力不那么好的小学高年级学生也能够准确的解答三视图还原几何体问题,从而为培养小学高年级学生的空间观念打下良好的基础,进而培养学生的逻辑思维能力和空间想象能力。本文通过问卷调查法、访谈法等研究方法对邹城市小学的48名解决三视图还原几何体问题困难的学生进行调查研究,通过调查结果分析得出了小学高年级学生在解决三视图还原几何体问题的过程中存在以下问题:大部分小学高年级学生对几何图形的识别不够仔细,认知不够清晰,对问题的考虑不够全面,造成还原几何体错误。根据对学生的口头访问以及对教师的访谈结果进行总结分析,得出小学高年级学生在解决三视图还原几何体问题时比较困难的原因主要有:对三视图还原几何体的基本知识掌握的不够全面也不够牢固,导致头脑中不能形成有效的知识网络,不能对所掌握的知识学以致用并进行变相的分析;学生做题比较少,不能掌握一定的规律性,还容易盲目地相信自己的经验,而且对做完的题目不进行检验和验证;学习态度以及对待解决三视图还原几何体问题的态度不好,缺乏一定的空间想象能力,且思维能力、综合分析问题的能力以及动手能力较差,导致在解决三视图还原几何体问题时比较困难。根据调查结果,对教师提出了以下教学对策:教师在讲解三视图还原几何体问题时,需要加强学生的锻炼和配合教师正确的引导,培养小学高年级学生的空间想象力、综合分析力、动手能力以及解题技巧,培养学生全面看待问题、自主分析问题和解决问题的能力,才能使学生更好的掌握三视图还原几何体问题。同时,教师还需要对三视图还原几何体问题进行简单的变化训练,并给出不同类型三视图还原几何体的题目,让学生能够根据变化后的问题发现其本质并进行解答,培养学生综合分析问题的能力。教师要将知识点串联起来,形成有效的知识网路,便于学生在解答三视图还原几何体问题时,综合考虑,提高解答效率和正确率。
[Abstract]:Three-view is the compulsory content of mathematics in primary school and the basis of geometry teaching. It is the main content of cultivating the spatial concept of senior students in primary school, among which, The difficulty of the third view is to restore the solid geometry by the three views. In the present mathematics teaching in primary school, the students need to have higher spatial imagination and logical thinking ability to restore the geometry from the three views. It is difficult and not easy to understand the problem of three-view reduction geometry, which makes the students' learning effect worse. Therefore, we should investigate and study the reasons why the three-view reduction geometry problem is more difficult for the senior primary school students at present. And one by one analysis, and then find out the corresponding countermeasures, give an effective solution to the three views to restore geometric problems, so that students have a trace to follow, Let those senior primary school students who are not so good at spatial imagination be able to answer the three views and restore geometric problems accurately, so as to lay a good foundation for the cultivation of the spatial concept of the senior primary school students. Through questionnaire survey, interview and other research methods, 48 students in Zoucheng Elementary School who are difficult to solve the problem of three-view reduction geometry are investigated and studied. Through the analysis of the investigation results, the following problems are found in the process of solving the problem of reducing geometry by three views: most of the senior students in primary school do not recognize geometry carefully enough, and their cognition is not clear enough. The consideration of the problem is not comprehensive enough, resulting in the reduction of geometric errors. Based on the students' oral interview and the teacher's interview results, The main reasons for the difficulty of solving the problem of reducing geometry by three views are as follows: the basic knowledge of the three views is not comprehensive and firm enough. This leads to the inability to form an effective knowledge network in the mind, the inability to apply the knowledge mastered and the analysis in disguise, the fact that students have fewer questions, cannot master certain rules, and are prone to blindly believe in their own experience. Moreover, the finished problems are not tested and verified; the attitude of learning and the attitude towards solving the problem of reducing geometry in three views are not good, the ability of space imagination is lacking, and the ability of thinking, It is difficult to solve the problem of reducing geometry by three views because of the poor ability of comprehensive analysis and operation. According to the results of the investigation, the following teaching countermeasures are put forward to the teacher: when the teacher is explaining the problem of restoring geometry by three views, it is difficult to solve the problem of restoring geometry by three views. It is necessary to strengthen students' exercise and cooperate with teachers' correct guidance, cultivate students' spatial imagination, comprehensive analytical ability, practical ability and problem-solving skills, and train students to look at problems in an all-round way. The ability of analyzing problems and solving problems autonomously can make students master the problem of three views and restore geometry better. At the same time, teachers also need to train the students to change the problem of three views. Different types of three views are given to restore geometry, so that students can discover their essence according to the changed problems and solve them, so as to train students' ability of comprehensive analysis. Teachers should connect knowledge points together. An effective knowledge network is formed to improve the efficiency and accuracy of the solution.
【学位授予单位】：山东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：G623.5

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