俄罗斯小学《周围世界》课程标准研究

发布时间：2018-05-12 02:05

本文选题：俄罗斯 + 基础教育　；参考：《东北师范大学》2015年硕士论文

【摘要】：俄罗斯教育资金投入的匮乏直接导致整个社会都面临着严峻的挑战。目前,青少年群体普遍缺乏公民意识,爱国主义精神;青少年的科学素养、人文素养极度匮乏;整个社会正面临道德滑坡、信任滑坡的危险。民族与国家的竞争力依赖于高素质的社会公民,而教育的首要目的就是教书育人,使人成为身心健康,全面发展的人。只有全面、综合发展的人才能为社会的进步与发展贡献更多的力量,这样的人才能称其为人才,才能满足当今社会对综合型人才的诉求。为解决上述这些社会问题,俄罗斯将视角转移到了教育领域,因为这是振兴国家希望的本源所在。在教育领域中,课程改革是推动教育改革的主要手段,而课程改革的指向标是课标的理念渗透。为使综合课程能够有效实施以及发挥实际效果,2004年3月俄联邦教育部颁布《周围世界课程标准》,该标准是在“教育现代化”的影响下颁布最早的教育标准。该标准为俄罗斯《周围世界》课程在教材编写、具体教学与评价方面指明了方向、奠定了基础,从而有效促进了基础教育的不断发展和改革,使小学生得以实现真正的全面发展。虽然,该课程标准为《周围世界》课程的有效实施提供了依据参考,但是在具体实施过程中,该课程标准还是存在一些颇具争议的问题:标准自身维度划分过于宽泛、教育资金匮乏、综合性师资短缺等。本文主要对俄罗斯小学《周围世界》课程标准的性质和地位、内容、任务、实施和监管、特点和存在的问题进行研究,由五部分组成,基本内容如下:引言部分是对选题立意、现状、目的、方法和概念界定的阐述;第一章介绍了《周围世界》课程标准的内容与特点,分别从“目标”、“必修内容最低要求”、“毕业生培养水平的要求”三个维度出发,对课程标准的具体内容进行解释说明;第二章从俄罗斯所面临的现实问题入手,分析《周围世界》课程标准制定的依据;现实问题基本上可以归纳为两个方面:传统的自然科学与人文科学的分割对人的全面发展提出挑战、当代青少年普遍缺乏公民意识;第三章主要分析《周围世界》课程标准的实施问题,主要从两个维度对该问题进行解读:课程标准的具体实施建议以及课程标准实施的有效保障等;第四章从课程标准的实际效果出发,该课程标准主要目的在于减轻学生学习负担,保障教育空间的统一与实现教育公平这样层面发挥了具体的作用;第五章主要是分析对《周围世界》课程标准的思考,分析该课标三个层面上的特色:理念——体现儿童个性化发展;目标——界定课程标准;内容——综合交叉的体系架构;同时又分析了该课标面临一些问题:课程标准自身存在的问题、课程标准条件保障有待加强、师资水平普遍匮乏等。
[Abstract]:The lack of investment in education in Russia directly leads to severe challenges for the whole society. At present, there is a general lack of civic awareness, patriotism, scientific literacy and humanistic literacy of young people, and the whole society is facing the danger of a decline in morality and a decline in trust. The competitive power of nation and country depends on the high quality citizen, and the primary purpose of education is to teach and educate people and make them become people who are physically and mentally healthy and develop in an all-round way. Only people with comprehensive and comprehensive development can contribute more strength to the progress and development of society, such people can be called talents and can meet the demands of modern society for comprehensive talents. To address these social problems, Russia has shifted its perspective to education, which is the source of hope for revitalizing the country. In the field of education, curriculum reform is the main means to promote education reform, and the direction of curriculum reform is the penetration of the idea of curriculum standard. In order to carry out the comprehensive curriculum effectively and give full play to the practical effect, the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation promulgated the "Curriculum Standards of the surrounding World" in March 2004, which is the earliest educational standard promulgated under the influence of "modernization of education". This standard has pointed out the direction and laid the foundation for the compilation of teaching materials, specific teaching and evaluation of Russia's "around the World" curriculum, thus effectively promoting the continuous development and reform of basic education. So that primary school students can achieve real all-round development. Although the curriculum standard provides a reference for the effective implementation of the curriculum, there are still some controversial problems in the course of its implementation: the standard itself is too broadly divided into dimensions. Lack of funds for education, shortage of comprehensive teachers and so on. This article mainly studies the nature and status, content, task, implementation and supervision, characteristics and existing problems of the curriculum standard of the Russian elementary school "around the World", which is composed of five parts. The basic content is as follows: the introduction part is the intention to choose the topic. The first chapter introduces the content and characteristics of the curriculum standard of "around the World", respectively from the "goal", "the minimum requirements of required content", Starting from the three dimensions of "requirements for the training level of graduates", the author explains the specific contents of the curriculum standard, and analyzes the basis for the establishment of the curriculum standard from the point of view of the realistic problems facing Russia. The practical problems can be summed up into two aspects: the traditional division of natural science and human science challenges the overall development of human beings, and the contemporary youth generally lack of civic consciousness; The third chapter mainly analyzes the implementation of the curriculum standard of "around the World", mainly from two dimensions to interpret the problem: the specific implementation of curriculum standards and the effective guarantee of the implementation of curriculum standards; The fourth chapter starts from the actual effect of the curriculum standard, the main purpose of the curriculum standard is to lighten the students' learning burden, ensure the unity of the educational space and realize the level of educational equity, which has played a specific role; The fifth chapter is mainly to analyze the thinking of the curriculum standard of "around the World", and analyze the characteristics of the curriculum standard on three levels: idea-reflecting children's individualized development, goal-defining curriculum standard, content-comprehensive intersecting system structure; At the same time, this paper analyzes some problems that the curriculum standard faces: the problems existing in the curriculum standard itself, the guarantee of the curriculum standard conditions to be strengthened, the general shortage of teachers and so on.
【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：G629.512;G622.3

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