中、俄、美三国小学数学教材中自然数与分数内容的比较研究

发布时间：2018-10-17 09:35

【摘要】：本文的研究目的是:对中国、俄罗斯和美国的数学教科书进行对比,分析三国数学教科书中自然数和分数等重要数学问题的呈现和组织方式,找出其中的差异和相似之处。基于对中国、俄罗斯和美国三国小学数学教科书编写结构的比较分析,本研究旨在对中小学数学教科书的编写者提供启示。本研究论证了如下问题:有关所选主题的材料是如何呈现在教科书中的,教科书中的理论材料是怎样阐述的以及在课堂实践中阐述课程主题时有哪些问题需要考虑。收集的数据揭示了中、俄、美三国数学教科书的共同点和不同特征。研究发现,对自然数与分数内容设计的研究结论可以概括为以下几点:中国教科书把内容分成下列几个部分:首先通过举例对主题进行简要的说明,并附上解释性的图片;然后是与主题相关的运算练习。教学内容的主题根据年龄而定,也就是说,一年级和二年级把重点放在对自然数的研究和算术运算上,从而使学生能够熟练掌握数字运算。到了三年级,学生们开始学习分数和小数的初步概念。教学材料的内容是有序出现的,且集中在关键概念和重要部分上,从而培养学生对数学概念进行应用的机械能力。尽管教材的每个部分篇幅都不是很大,但是对数字和分数的研究却发展的十分迅速。俄罗斯教科书中的小学教材内容清晰明了,各部分的篇幅也是十分适中的。俄罗斯的中学(五年级和六年级)教科书的呈现和阐述十分紧凑,并且对复杂的内容进行了详细的解释说明。教材中有许多结构性任务,其中有很多复杂的任务都没有附上图片。总体上,教材的编写是有渐进性和稳定性的。每个主题都与前一个主题相关,这样的话就可以让学生可以复习到前面所学的概念。美国教科书中的教学材料是交替呈现、穿插分布的,也就是说,学生会在二年级的时候逐渐学习算术运算,而且二年级的教材也对分数的初始概念进行了介绍。尽管在每个阶段都有点复杂,但是美国教科书中的教学内容在自然数和分数等主题的不断升级中逐步完成。美国教科书基本上以简单的方式解释新概念,大量的图表可以帮助学生更容易地理解教材的内容。
[Abstract]:The purpose of this paper is to compare the mathematics textbooks of China, Russia and the United States, to analyze the presentation and organization of some important mathematical problems, such as natural numbers and fractions, and to find out the differences and similarities among them. Based on a comparative analysis of the compilation structure of primary school mathematics textbooks in China, Russia and the United States, the purpose of this study is to provide enlightenment to the compilers of primary and secondary school mathematics textbooks. This study demonstrates the following questions: how the selected topics are presented in the textbooks, how the theoretical materials in the textbooks are elaborated, and what problems need to be considered when explaining the course topics in classroom practice. The collected data reveal the common features and different features of mathematics textbooks in China, Russia and the United States. It is found that the conclusions of the research on the design of natural numbers and scores can be summarized as follows: Chinese textbooks divide the content into the following parts: first, a brief explanation of the theme is given through examples, and an explanatory picture is attached; Then there are arithmetic exercises related to the subject. Subject matter depends on age, that is to say, grades 1 and 2 focus on the study of natural numbers and arithmetic operations, so that students can master the operation of numbers. By the third grade, the students began to learn the initial concepts of scores and decimals. The contents of teaching materials appear in order and focus on the key concepts and important parts so as to cultivate the students' mechanical ability to apply mathematical concepts. Although each part of the textbook is not very large, the study of numbers and scores is growing rapidly. Russian textbooks in primary school content clear, the length of each part is also very moderate. The presentation and elaboration of Russian secondary school textbooks (fifth and sixth grades) are very compact and elaborate on the complex content. There are many structural tasks in the textbook, many of which are complex without pictures attached. On the whole, the compilation of textbooks is gradual and stable. Each topic is related to the previous topic so that students can review the concepts they learned earlier. The teaching materials in American textbooks are alternately presented and interspersed. That is to say, the students will gradually learn arithmetic in the second grade, and the teaching materials of the second grade will also introduce the initial concept of the score. Although complicated at every stage, the teaching content in American textbooks is gradually completed in the continuous upgrading of topics such as natural numbers and scores. American textbooks basically explain new concepts in a simple way, and a lot of charts can help students understand them more easily.
【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：G623.5

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