清末民初教科书插图中的儿童形象及其演变
发布时间：2019-06-10 19:56
【摘要】：如何认识儿童是教育领域的难题。在当下的课程改革中,学生的视角与立场受到了关注,但教科书中的儿童形象却存在缺失与错位。教科书要塑造什么样的儿童、又该如何塑造儿童等问题尚未解决。在清末民初的学制改革中,商务印书馆对近代早期教科书插图中的儿童形象进行了探索,尤其是1902到1923年间应学制改革要求出版的教科书,体现了中国教育近代化过程中儿童形象的"新旧更替",其中的过程和结果值得讨论。本文将深入研究清末民初教科书插图中的儿童形象及其演变,进一步探讨如何在教育改革中合理地塑造儿童形象。对这一问题的解答不仅可以帮助在教科书编写领域落实将"儿童为本"作为理念的教育工作者,也能为日后的课程改革提供"如何认识儿童"的历史经验。为探索清末民初教科书插图中的儿童形象及其演变,本研究选取了商务印书馆1902年至1923年间出版的三代初等小学国文(国语)教科书,即1904年《最新初小国文教科书》、1912年《共和国教科书新国文》、1923年《新学制国语教科书》(选取原因是这三代教科书与清末民初的三次学制改革,即壬寅癸卯学制、壬子学制、壬戌学制相呼应)。笔者以图像研究的视角和方法,对教科书插图中的儿童形象进行了整理,用儿童的面貌、身体、游戏、角色、榜样五个维度作为分析框架,并由此展开了本文的陈述与讨论。研究发现,从塑造"小君子"、"小国民"到"小朋友",清末民初教科书插图中的儿童形象反映了教育改革的诉求。具体而言,《最新教科书》中乖巧、孝顺的儿童形象是传统道德戒律的缩影;民主共和的思潮塑造了《共和国教科书》中具有国家和民族意识的童子军;《新学制教科书》插图中的儿童形象焕然一新,摆脱了传统律令的制约和束缚,纯真的天性得到了解放。究其原因,西学东渐的文化风潮带来了"儿童本位"的教育理念;新学校兴起,由此带来教育场所从家庭转移学校、教学方式从言传身教演化为统一教学等因素,都对教科书插图中儿童形象的呈现产生了深刻影响。本文的最后任务,是从清末民初教科书插图中儿童形象的塑造经验中提取并归纳对现行教科书的建议。从上文结论中可知,清末民初教科书插图中的儿童形象是教育观念和育人目标的载体,体现了每一阶段的国民塑造要求。因此,本研究的主要建议是:教科书插图中的儿童形象可以作为一种隐形课程,承载育人价值。此外,以《新学制国语教科书》为借鉴对象,可以说明:了解和贴近儿童的日常生活是落实"儿童为本"理念的基础。简而言之,教科书要做到儿童为本,就要构建儿童的日常生活世界,场景要取材于儿童的成长生活,活动内容要基于对儿童的观察和理解。最后,从商务馆的编写经验中可知,插图中的儿童形象要尽可能地符合时代特征,并结合先进的教育思潮,以体现最新的教育宗旨。
[Abstract]:How to understand children is a difficult problem in the field of education. In the current curriculum reform, students' perspective and position have been paid attention to, but the image of children in textbooks is missing and misplaced. What kind of children should be shaped in textbooks and how to shape them have not yet been solved. In the reform of the school system in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, the Commercial Press explored the image of children in the illustration of early modern textbooks, especially the textbooks published from 1902 to 1923 in response to the requirements of the reform of the school system. It reflects the "replacement of new and old" of children's image in the process of modernization of Chinese education, and the process and results are worth discussing. This paper will deeply study the image and evolution of children in the illustration of textbooks in the late Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, and further explore how to reasonably shape the image of children in the educational reform. The answer to this question can not only help educators who regard "child-oriented" as the concept in the field of textbook compilation, but also provide historical experience of "how to understand children" for future curriculum reform. In order to explore the image and evolution of children in the illustration of textbooks in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, this study selected the three generations of primary school national language (Mandarin) textbooks published by the Commercial Press from 1902 to 1923, that is, 1904 "the latest small country textbook". The New Chinese language of the Republic textbook in 1912 and the Chinese language textbook of the New academic system in 1923 (the reason for the selection is that these three generations of textbooks correspond to the three school system reforms in the late Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, that is, the nonyin Guimao school system, the nono school system and the nonxu school system). From the perspective and method of image research, the author arranges the image of children in textbook illustration, and takes the five dimensions of children's appearance, body, game, role and example as the analytical framework, and then makes a statement and discussion in this paper. It is found that from shaping "little gentleman", "small national" to "child", the image of children in textbook illustration in the late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China reflects the demand of educational reform. Specifically, in the latest textbook, the image of filial children is a microcosm of the traditional moral precepts, and the trend of thought of democratic republic shapes the boy scouts with the consciousness of the state and the nation in the textbook of the Republic. The image of children in the illustration of the New School textbook is completely new, which gets rid of the restriction and shackles of the traditional laws and regulations, and liberates the pure nature. The reason is that the cultural trend of western learning to the east has brought about the educational idea of "child standard". The rise of new schools has brought about the transfer of educational places from family to school and the evolution of teaching methods from verbal teaching to unified teaching, all of which have had a profound impact on the presentation of children's images in textbook illustration. The final task of this paper is to extract and sum up some suggestions on the current textbooks from the experience of shaping the image of children in the illustration of textbooks in the late Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China. From the above conclusions, we can see that the image of children in the illustration of textbooks in the late Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China is the carrier of educational concept and educational goal, which reflects the requirements of national shaping in each stage. Therefore, the main suggestion of this study is that the image of children in textbook illustration can be used as an invisible course to carry the educational value. In addition, taking the New academic system Mandarin textbook as the reference object, it can be shown that understanding and being close to the daily life of children is the basis of implementing the concept of "child-oriented". In short, in order to achieve child-oriented textbooks, it is necessary to build children's daily life world, the scene should be based on the growth and life of children, and the content of activities should be based on the observation and understanding of children. Finally, from the compilation experience of the business museum, we can see that the image of the children in the illustration should conform to the characteristics of the times as much as possible, and combine with the advanced educational trend of thought in order to reflect the latest educational purpose.
【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：G629.29
本文编号：2496694
[Abstract]:How to understand children is a difficult problem in the field of education. In the current curriculum reform, students' perspective and position have been paid attention to, but the image of children in textbooks is missing and misplaced. What kind of children should be shaped in textbooks and how to shape them have not yet been solved. In the reform of the school system in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, the Commercial Press explored the image of children in the illustration of early modern textbooks, especially the textbooks published from 1902 to 1923 in response to the requirements of the reform of the school system. It reflects the "replacement of new and old" of children's image in the process of modernization of Chinese education, and the process and results are worth discussing. This paper will deeply study the image and evolution of children in the illustration of textbooks in the late Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, and further explore how to reasonably shape the image of children in the educational reform. The answer to this question can not only help educators who regard "child-oriented" as the concept in the field of textbook compilation, but also provide historical experience of "how to understand children" for future curriculum reform. In order to explore the image and evolution of children in the illustration of textbooks in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, this study selected the three generations of primary school national language (Mandarin) textbooks published by the Commercial Press from 1902 to 1923, that is, 1904 "the latest small country textbook". The New Chinese language of the Republic textbook in 1912 and the Chinese language textbook of the New academic system in 1923 (the reason for the selection is that these three generations of textbooks correspond to the three school system reforms in the late Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, that is, the nonyin Guimao school system, the nono school system and the nonxu school system). From the perspective and method of image research, the author arranges the image of children in textbook illustration, and takes the five dimensions of children's appearance, body, game, role and example as the analytical framework, and then makes a statement and discussion in this paper. It is found that from shaping "little gentleman", "small national" to "child", the image of children in textbook illustration in the late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China reflects the demand of educational reform. Specifically, in the latest textbook, the image of filial children is a microcosm of the traditional moral precepts, and the trend of thought of democratic republic shapes the boy scouts with the consciousness of the state and the nation in the textbook of the Republic. The image of children in the illustration of the New School textbook is completely new, which gets rid of the restriction and shackles of the traditional laws and regulations, and liberates the pure nature. The reason is that the cultural trend of western learning to the east has brought about the educational idea of "child standard". The rise of new schools has brought about the transfer of educational places from family to school and the evolution of teaching methods from verbal teaching to unified teaching, all of which have had a profound impact on the presentation of children's images in textbook illustration. The final task of this paper is to extract and sum up some suggestions on the current textbooks from the experience of shaping the image of children in the illustration of textbooks in the late Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China. From the above conclusions, we can see that the image of children in the illustration of textbooks in the late Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China is the carrier of educational concept and educational goal, which reflects the requirements of national shaping in each stage. Therefore, the main suggestion of this study is that the image of children in textbook illustration can be used as an invisible course to carry the educational value. In addition, taking the New academic system Mandarin textbook as the reference object, it can be shown that understanding and being close to the daily life of children is the basis of implementing the concept of "child-oriented". In short, in order to achieve child-oriented textbooks, it is necessary to build children's daily life world, the scene should be based on the growth and life of children, and the content of activities should be based on the observation and understanding of children. Finally, from the compilation experience of the business museum, we can see that the image of the children in the illustration should conform to the characteristics of the times as much as possible, and combine with the advanced educational trend of thought in order to reflect the latest educational purpose.
【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：G629.29
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