美国联邦化时期的公民教育研究

发布时间：2018-01-03 16:19

本文关键词：美国联邦化时期的公民教育研究　出处：《西北师范大学》2011年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：美国以高度的“民主、平等、自由”而闻名于世。作为一个年轻而独特的国家,美国既没有古老悠久的历史也没有深厚宏大的文化积淀。在短短大约三百年的历史中,她以令人艳羡的速度走过了其它欧洲国家上千年走过的道路。她的教育发展史尤其是公民教育亦随着国家的腾飞飞速发展,创造了人类教育史上的奇迹,成为其它国家参考借鉴的典范。美国的历史是一部美国人争取公民权利的斗争史。殖民时期,公民教育开始萌芽;建国初期,基本确立公民教育;南北战争结束后,公民教育基本进入初步发展阶段。在其斗争的过程中公民的内涵不断扩大,从寻求接纳而获得公民身份,到处于社会最底层的黑人和妇女获得公民资格并介入政治领域,成为美国宪政历史发展的基本动力和核心线索。《独立宣言》、《美国宪法》、《人权法案》奠定了美国联邦化时期公民教育的政治基础,而托马斯·杰斐逊、本杰明·富兰克林、亚伯拉罕·林肯、贺拉斯·曼、亨利·巴纳德等则为美国公民教育奠定了坚实的思想基础。美国社会独特的地理环境、特殊的历史文化传统以及政治、经济制度和与其相关的社会环境因素成为影响国家公民教育形成和发展的根本宏观背景。它们直接影响美国公民教育的价值取向。美国宪政民主对国内公民所实施的教育就是民主社会中关于自治政府的教育,教育的目标是培养具有强烈的爱国意识、清晰的民主理念、积极的参政态度,维护宪政民主的理性行为的爱国公民。方法主要以强制性的灌输和演讲教育为主。联邦化时期公民教育途径多样。学校是实施公民教育的最有效的途径。公立学校被看成是实现教育理想和普及公民教育的“诺亚方舟”。学校的职能就是有目的、有计划、系统地将社会规范、价值标准和知识技能传授给学生。宗教教育成为联邦化时期公民教育的第二大途径。在美国,大多数人信仰基督教,基督教精神对于美国人来说是一种无形的道德力量。这种力量是美国自由的根基和源泉,承担着用“美国精神”熏陶美国公民,铸造公民灵魂的神圣使命。社会中的公民教育可谓无处不有。伟人的葬礼,各种新闻中的政治事件无不蕴含着公民教育的成分。而文学、报纸、新闻及电影作为新潮事物及文化的使者,也是公民教育的弘扬者,倍受关注。家庭是公民教育的基础,以书本为媒介,讲述着书本中的知识与谬误,美德与邪恶,在公民教育中的作用不可低估。宗教仪式和庆典是家庭的必要活动,也是家庭进行公民教育的基本载体和媒介。联邦化时期公民教育具有明显的特征。政治性是最显著的特征,重视公民知识的灌输,教育途径的多样化和教育内容的渗透性都是其显著特征。另外,联邦化时期公民教育发展不平衡,表现在地域间的不平衡和公民的受教育权利上存在着明显的不平等性。这种掩藏在法律平等面纱下的事实上的不平等与歧视成为摆在公民教育面前的最大障碍。而且公民教育中的种族歧视和受教育权的不平等是难以消除的。经费筹措不力,优秀教师紧缺,文化差异较大,更多的人需要接受更多年限的教育等一系列问题仍是联邦化时期公民教育中的瑕疵。本研究遵循两条线索论述美国联邦化时期的公民教育。即以美国联邦化时期公民教育的发展演变为纵线,遵循美国公民教育“美国化”这一基本治国理念,追溯美国公民教育的历史渊源,阐述其在联邦化时期的发展演变,旨在从宏观上把握美国公民教育的来龙去脉。以美国联邦化时期公民教育的具体开展为横线,对联邦化时期公民教育的背景、影响因素、开展基础、公民教育的目标、内容、实施途径与方法、产生的影响及特点进行深入解剖,旨在对这一时期的公民教育做一系统、全面的透视式分析,从而借鉴吸收。
[Abstract]:The United States with a high degree of "democracy, equality, freedom" is famous in the world. As a young and unique country, the United States has neither ancient history nor profound grand cultural accumulation. In just about three hundred years of history, with her enviable speed had the thousands of European countries year on the road. The history of the development of her education especially the civic education also along with the rapid development of national development, created a miracle in the history of human education, become a model for reference to other countries. The United States is a history of American civil rights struggle history. During the colonial period, the civic education began to sprout early, basically established; civic education; civic education after the civil war, entered the preliminary stage of development. The connotation of citizen in its struggle process continues to expand, from seeking admission to citizenship, at the agency The bottom of the bottom of the black and women to obtain citizenship and to intervene in the political field, become the basic impetus and core clue of the history of constitutional government in the United States.
< < declaration of independence, the constitution of the United States >, < > the bill of rights laid the political foundation of the United States Federal civic education in the period of Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, Abraham Lincoln, Horace Mann, Henry Barnard for American citizenship education has laid a solid ideological foundation. The unique geographical environment of American society, the special historical and cultural traditions and the political and economic system and its related social and environmental factors become the national citizen education influence the formation and development of the fundamental macroeconomic background. They directly influence the value orientation of civic education in the United States.
A government education in American constitutional democracy imposed on domestic citizen education is a democratic society, the goal of education is to cultivate a strong sense of patriotism, a clear idea of democracy, positive attitude towards political participation, patriotic citizens maintain rational behavior of constitutional democracy. The main methods on compulsory education and speech education.
Federal citizen education in the period of a variety of ways. The school is the most effective way to implement citizenship education. Public schools are realizing the education idea and the popularization of citizen education "Noah's Ark." the function of school education is purposeful, planned, systematic social norms, value standard to impart knowledge and skills to the students. The quasi religious education has become the second largest way lianbanghua period of civic education in the United States, most people believe in Christianity, the Christian spirit is a kind of invisible moral power for Americans. This force is the foundation and source of American freedom, bear with "American spirit" the influence of American citizens, citizens of the soul. The sacred mission of casting is the citizen education society everywhere. A great man's funeral, political events are all in the news contains elements of civic education. But the literature, newspapers, news and movies as a new Angel tide things and culture, but also promote the civic education, has attracted much attention. The family is the foundation of citizen education, on the books for the media, about knowledge and falsehood in the book, virtue and evil in citizen education role should not be underestimated. Religious rituals and ceremonies are necessary for the activity of family, the basic the carrier and the media is also home to the civic education.
The federal citizen education period has obvious characteristics. The political nature is the most significant feature, pay attention to civic knowledge, permeability diversification and education content education are its remarkable characteristics. In addition, the Federation of civic education in the period of unbalanced development, reflected in the regional imbalance and the right of citizens to education there are obvious inequality. This hidden in legal equality under the veil of inequality and discrimination has become the biggest obstacles placed in front of the civic education and civic education. The racial discrimination and the education right is difficult to eliminate. The financing is poor, excellent teachers, cultural differences and more people need more years of education is still a series of problems such as the federal period in civic education flaw.
This research follows two clues about citizenship education in American lianbanghua period. The development of American Federation of civic education in the period of the evolution of the vertical line, follow the American civic education "United States" the basic concept of the rule, origin of American civic education, expounds its evolution in the development of federal period, to hold the United States civic education from the macro to the specific sequence of events. In the United States Federal civic education in the period of the line, Banghua antithetical couplet of civic education in the period of the background, influence factors, basis, goal of civic education, contents, approaches and methods, the influence and characteristics of in-depth anatomy, to civic education in this period to make a comprehensive analysis of the system perspective, so as to absorb.

【学位授予单位】：西北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：G571.2

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