杂交水稻制种机械化授粉机研制

发布时间：2018-02-19 23:45

本文关键词： 杂交水稻授粉机参数优化授粉试验　出处：《浙江大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：制种是杂交水稻生产的基础,授粉是制种的重要环节,充分均匀的授粉能够提高制种的产量。水稻是严格的自花授粉作物,在自然环境下的异花授粉率低,要实现充分均匀的授粉需要进行辅助授粉。目前,杂交水稻辅助授粉主要采用人力式,人力式存在劳动强度大、授粉不均匀等不足。因此实现杂交水稻辅助授粉机械化是我国杂交水稻制种产业亟需解决的重大问题。基于当前授粉效果最好的竹竿授粉法和授粉效率最高的绳索拉粉法,分别研制了一种碰撞式杂交水稻制种授粉机和碰撞-气吹式杂交水稻制种授粉机,在理论分析和计算仿真的基础上,分别对碰撞式和碰撞-气吹式杂交水稻制种授粉机进行参数优化和授粉性能的试验研究,主要结果如下:(1)设计了一台碰撞式杂交水稻制种授粉机和一台碰撞-气吹式杂交水稻制种授粉机,碰撞式杂交水稻制种授粉机主要由发动机、授粉机架、击穗机构、升降机构等构成,通过建立击穗杆运动学模型完成了碰撞机构的结构优化,并进行了关键机构(击穗机构、升降机构)的结构设计;碰撞-气吹式杂交水稻制种授粉机主要由机架、吹风机、击穗绳、授粉管等组成,通过对授粉管气吹孔气流进行仿真模拟和流速分布试验,优选了授粉管的结构,并进行了授粉部件的结构设计。(2)利用碰撞式杂交水稻制种授粉机,以碰撞高度、行走速度、碰撞频率为影响因素,以授粉后沉降在4行母本上的花粉总量和花粉分布不均匀度为评价指标,进行单因素试验。试验结果表明:碰撞高度对4行母本上的花粉总量影响极为显著,行走速度和碰撞频率对花粉总量影响显著;碰撞高度对4行母本上的花粉分布不均匀度有显著影响,行走速度和碰撞频率对花粉分布不均匀度无显著影响。同时,使散落在4行母本上的花粉总量最多的参数分别为碰撞高度为穗区底200mm、行走速度为0.8m/s、碰撞频率为3Hz。(3)根据碰撞-气吹式杂交水稻制种授粉机结构和流体计算仿真结果,以授粉管气吹孔流速、气吹孔与击穗绳间距为影响因素,进行单因素试验,试验结果表明:授粉管气吹孔气流速度对花粉总量影响显著,气流速度为15.07m/s时,4行母本上收集到的花粉总量最多,气流速度为11.82m/s时,母本上花粉量的分布均匀性最佳;授粉管气吹孔与击穗绳的间距对花粉总量影响显著,当授粉管气吹孔与击穗绳的间距为150mm时,4行母本上收集到的花粉总量最多,间距为150mm和100mm时,花粉分布均匀性均好于间距为50mm。
[Abstract]:Seed production is the basis of hybrid rice production, pollination is an important part of seed production, full and even pollination can improve the yield of seed production, rice is a strict self-pollination crop, and the rate of cross-pollination in natural environment is low. In order to achieve full and uniform pollination, auxiliary pollination is needed. At present, the auxiliary pollination of hybrid rice mainly adopts manpower type, which has high labor intensity. Therefore, the realization of auxiliary pollination mechanization of hybrid rice is an important problem that needs to be solved in China's hybrid rice seed production industry. Based on the best pollination effect of bamboo and the rope pollination method, which has the highest pollination efficiency at present, A collision-type hybrid rice seed pollinator and a collision-air blow hybrid rice seed pollinator were developed respectively. Based on theoretical analysis and calculation simulation, a hybrid rice seed pollinator was developed. The parameters optimization and pollination performance of impact and collision-air blowing hybrid rice seed pollinators were studied respectively. The main results are as follows: (1) A collision-type hybrid rice seed pollinator and a collision-air-blow hybrid rice seed pollinator are designed. The collision-type hybrid rice seed pollinator is mainly composed of engine, pollination rack, spike striking mechanism. The structure optimization of the impact mechanism is accomplished by establishing the kinematics model of the spike striking rod, and the structure design of the key mechanism (the panning mechanism, the lifting mechanism) is carried out. The collision-gas blowing hybrid rice seed pollinator is mainly composed of frame, blower, ear rope, pollination tube, etc. The structure of pollination pipe is optimized by simulating and simulating the air flow through the air blowing hole in the pollination pipe and the velocity distribution test. The structure design of pollination parts was also carried out. The collisional hybrid rice seed pollinator was used. The impact height, walking speed and collision frequency were taken as the influencing factors. A single factor experiment was carried out on the pollen amount and pollen distribution inhomogeneity of 4 rows of female parent after pollination. The results showed that the collision height had a significant effect on the total pollen quantity on 4 rows of female parent. Walking speed and collision frequency had significant influence on pollen total, collision height had significant influence on pollen distribution inhomogeneity on 4 rows of female parent, walking speed and collision frequency had no significant effect on pollen distribution unevenness. The maximum amount of pollen scattered on 4 rows of female plants was as follows: collision height was 200mm at the bottom of panicle area, walking speed was 0.8m / s, and collision frequency was 3Hz.K3) according to the structure and fluid calculation results of collision-air-blown hybrid rice seed pollinator, The single factor experiment was carried out with the gas blowing velocity of pollination tube and the distance between the air blowing hole and the tapping rope. The results showed that the air flow velocity of the pollination tube air blowing hole had a significant effect on the total pollen quantity. When the air velocity is 15.07 m / s, the pollen amount collected on the four lines of the female parent is the highest, and the distribution uniformity of the pollen quantity on the female parent is the best when the air velocity is 11.82 m / s, and the distance between the air blowing hole in the pollination tube and the tapping rope has a significant effect on the total pollen amount. When the distance between pollination tube air blowing hole and ear rope was 150 mm, the total pollen collected on 4 rows was the most. When the distance was 150 mm and 100 mm, the distribution uniformity of pollen was better than that of 50 mm.
【学位授予单位】：浙江大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S511

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