减量化肥配施氨基酸和硒对连作花生生长及肥效的影响

发布时间：2018-03-04 10:08

本文选题：花生连作障碍　切入点：化肥减量　出处：《沈阳农业大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：花生是我国重要的油料作物,辽宁省花生种植面积大。常年重茬连作,过度施化肥导致花生产量和品质下降、肥料利用率低、环境污染等问题。因此探究在保证花生产量及品质的条件下,减量施化肥对于缓解花生连作危害和减少农业面源污染具有重要意义。本文采用盆栽试验,选取多年连作花生地土壤,以农花5号花生为研究对象,通过对不同生育期土壤养分、花生叶绿素荧光参数、根系活力、植株保护酶以及花生产量和品质的测定,研究了减施化肥并配施氨基酸肥料和硒肥对花生的生长和肥料效应的影响。研究结果如下:1.氨基酸肥料和硒肥料的施入有助于缓解土壤氮含量的损失,同时能够对花生生长提供充足的磷素供应。在整个花生生育期内,土壤中硝态氮含量呈现"下降-升高-下降"的变化趋势,全氮和铵态氮含量呈现先升高后下降的变化趋势。减量化肥并配施氨基酸处理的土壤中碱解氮含量在下针期最少,为14.1 mg/kg;在成熟期后,减量化肥并配施硒肥的处理有效磷、速效钾含量分别高于对照25.4%、11.5%.2.减量化肥并配施氨基酸肥料可提高花生叶片叶绿素SPAD值、实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)、及最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)。对于SPAD值比对照提高了 7.0%～15.0%;对于ΦPSⅡ和Fv/Fm值,在结荚期减量化肥并配施氨基酸处理、减量化肥并配施氨基酸和硒混处理比对照分别提高了 22.8%、15.4%和3.3%、6.7%.减量化肥并配施硒肥有助于提高花生根系活力;减量化肥的花生根系活力均显著高于对照;而减量化肥并配施硒处理在结荚期与对照相比高出2.86倍。3.花生植株保护酶超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性在整个生育期均呈现先升高后降低的趋势,而花生根中丙二醛(MDA)含量呈现一直下降的趋势;减量化肥并配施硒处理的根中MDA含量表现为较低水平,其中在下针期影响最为显著,比CK低48.3%.而减量化肥并配施氨基酸处理的花生根、叶片SOD活性及CAT活性高于CK,其中在结荚期影响最为显著,SOD活性高出CK 1.41倍、1.71倍,CAT活性较CK提高了 11.0%、47.0%;减量化肥并配施氨基酸和硒处理对花生叶片POD活性在下针期显著高于CK,较CK提高了 52.7%、39.8%.4.减量化肥配施氨基酸能够促进花生植株主茎和侧枝的生长,增加有效分枝数和单株荚果数、果仁产量,提高籽仁率,籽仁更饱满;从而有效提高花生的产量,较对照提高了 9.0%.减量化肥并配施硒肥处理显著提高花生的蛋白质和粗脂肪含量,较对照提高了 4.7%和10.3%;降低了可溶性糖含量,可以改善花生的品质。5.化肥减量并配施氨基酸处理明显提高了花生氮、磷、钾肥利用率和农学效率,其中对钾肥的影响最为突出。花生的氮、磷、钾肥料利用率分别可达55.3%、32.7%、63.5%,提高幅度为27.4%～32.5%;与对照相比,氮、磷、钾肥农学效率分别提高了 21.7%、38.6%、40.4%。综上所述,化肥减量并配施氨基酸和硒肥进行分次追施可提高花生产量,同时提高花生品质,明显提高了肥料的利用效率,其中,减量化肥并配施氨基酸与减量化肥并配施氨基酸和硒处理可以缓解花生连作带来的负面影响。
[Abstract]:Peanut is an important oil crop in China, Liaoning Province peanut planting area. Perennial cropping even, excessive fertilization led to a decline in the yield and quality of peanut, low utilization rate of fertilizer, environmental pollution and other issues. Therefore research to ensure the yield and quality of peanut under the condition of reducing fertilizer to ease the application of peanut continuous cropping has important and harm to reduce agricultural non-point source pollution. The pot test, selection of continuous cropping peanut in agricultural soil, spend 5 peanut as the research object, through the different stages of soil nutrients, root activity of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, peanut, plant protection enzyme and determination of the yield and quality of peanut were studied, and effect of the reduction of chemical fertilizer application of amino acid fertilizer and selenium fertilizer on peanut growth and fertilizer effect. The results are as follows: 1. amino acid fertilizer and selenium fertilizer helps alleviate the nitrogen content of soil loss, at the same time Can the peanut growth provide adequate supply of phosphorus. In the whole growth period of peanut, nitrate nitrogen content in soil showed a trend of "decrease increase decrease", total nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen content showed increased first and then decreased. Reduction of fertilizer and fertilizer of amino acid nitrogen in soil the content in needling stage was 14.1 mg/kg; at least, in the mature period, the reduction of chemical fertilizer and fertilizer phosphorus selenium fertilizer, potassium content were higher than the control 25.4%, 11.5%.2. reduction of chemical fertilizer and fertilizer of amino acid fertilizer can increase the chlorophyll of peanut leaves SPAD value, actual photochemical efficiency (PS II), and the photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm). The SPAD value was increased by 7% ~ 15% than that of the control; for with PS II and Fv/Fm, application of amino acid at the podding stage and fertilizer reduction, reduction of chemical fertilizer and fertilizer mixed amino acids and selenium treatment than the control respectively increased by 22.8%, 15. 4% and 3.3%, 6.7%. reduction of chemical fertilizer and Se fertilizer application helps to improve the peanut root vigor; peanut root vigor reduction of fertilizer were significantly higher than that of control; and the reduction of fertilizer and fertilizer at podding stage selenium treatment compared with the control 2.86 times higher.3. peanut superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase the enzyme (POD), catalase (CAT) activity were increased at first and then decreased in the whole growth period, and peanut root MDA (MDA) content has been decreased; reduction of chemical fertilizer and fertilizer MDA content in the roots of selenium is low level, which in effect under the obviously, 48.3%. is lower than that of CK and reduction of fertilizer and fertilizer of peanut root amino acid treatment, SOD activity and CAT activity of leaves was higher than that of CK, which is the most significant influence in the pod stage, SOD activity is higher than CK 1.41 times, 1.71 times, the activity of CAT CK was increased by 11%, 47% reduction; Fertilizer and fertilizer of amino acid and selenium on peanut leaves POD activity in needling stage was significantly higher than that of CK, increased by 52.7% compared to CK, 39.8%.4. reduction of fertilizer amino acid can promote plant growth of peanut stem and branch, increase the number of effective branches and pods per plant, kernel yield, high seed rate, seed fuller in order to improve the yield of peanut; compared with the control, improve the 9.0%. reduction of chemical fertilizer and fertilizer selenium fertilizer treatment significantly increased the content of protein and crude fat peanut, was increased by 4.7% and 10.3%; reduce the content of soluble sugar, can improve the quality of peanut.5. fertilizer and fertilizer reduction of amino acids increased significantly in peanut nitrogen, P, K fertilizer use efficiency and agronomic efficiency, the effect of potash fertilizer was the most prominent. Peanut nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium fertilizer utilization rate can reach 55.3%, 32.7%, 63.5%, increased from 27.4% to 32.5% compared with the control, N, P, K fertilizer agronomic efficiency were increased by 21.7%, 38.6%, 40.4%. in the reduction of chemical fertilizer and fertilizer of amino acids and selenium fertilizer dressing can improve the yield of peanut, while improving the quality of peanut, significantly improve the efficiency of fertilizer utilization, the reduction of chemical fertilizer and fertilizer and fertilizer and fertilizer reduction of amino acids and amino acids selenium treatment can alleviate the negative effects brought by peanut continuous cropping.

【学位授予单位】：沈阳农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S565.2

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