稻虾共作对稻田生物多样性的影响

发布时间：2018-03-04 14:05

本文选题：稻虾共作　切入点：小龙虾　出处：《华中农业大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：稻虾共作(RC)是应用食物链理论、生态位理论和种间互利共生理论,将水稻种植和小龙虾养殖有机结合的新型生态农业模式。RC充分利用稻田光、热、水及生物资源,具有很好的社会、经济和生态效益,应用前景广阔。RC生态系统中,水稻为小龙虾提供庇护场所、合适的水温、氧气和食物,小龙虾通过取食稻田虫子和杂草,减轻稻田虫害和草害,减少了除草剂、杀虫剂等农药的使用。为了明确稻虾共作对稻田二化螟为害的影响,探明稻虾共作对稻田昆虫多样性和稻田植物多样性的影响,本研究通过设置大田小区试验和调查试验进行研究。大田小区试验于2015年、2016年两年在湖北省潜江市后湖农场军垦队进行;调查试验于2015年在潜江市白鹭湖农场研究常规稻作(CK)和不同RC年限(RC1、RC2、RC3、RC4、RC9)对稻田昆虫多样性和植物多样性的影响,于2016年在后湖农场调查不同RC年限(CK、RC1、RC2、RC5、RC10)对稻田昆虫多样性的影响;同时2015年、2016年在潜江市后湖农场、白鹭湖农场、积玉口镇调查RC对稻田二化螟为害的影响。取得的主要研究结果如下:(1)稻虾共作对稻田二化螟为害的影响分析表明:RC模式经过冬、春两季田面覆水极显著降低稻田二化螟幼虫越冬基数,减少第二年稻田内二化螟虫源,从而影响后期二化螟世代的发生为害。对比CK稻田,RC稻田越冬代二化螟幼虫减少100%,第二代二化螟幼虫减少46.6%,第三代二化螟幼虫减少71.8%,枯心率减少31.0%,二化螟蛾高峰期晚10天,说明RC显著减轻稻田二化螟的危害,推迟二化螟的发育进度。(2)稻虾共作对稻田昆虫多样性的影响分析表明:大田试验显示经过一年完整的RC模式后,稻田昆虫总数下降41.0%,其中植食性昆虫下降42.5%,捕食性昆虫下降47.0%,中性昆虫下降37.7%,寄生性昆虫下降57.1%。调查数据表明RC稻田各类昆虫数量随稻虾共作年限越长呈先减少后增加的趋势。2016年调查数据结果显示稻虾共作1年限(RC1)昆虫数量最少,2015年调查数据结果显示稻虾共作2年限(RC2)昆虫数量最少;虽然RC年限越长植食性害虫增加,但捕食性天敌相应也增加,因此整体虫害不会加重。(3)稻虾共作对稻田植物多样性的影响分析表明:大田试验显示经过一年完整的RC模式后,稻田田内和田埂杂草种类、个体数和盖度都极显著下降,田内杂草种类、个体数和盖度分别下降54.5%、50.5%和62.6%,田埂杂草种类、个体数和盖度分别下降33.3%、50.6%和28.4%。2015年调查试验数据的分析结果为:植物多样性随RC年限越长呈先降后升的趋势,RC4时稻田杂草种类和数量均最少。结合大田数据和调查数据表明:RC改变了稻田杂草优势种,影响稻田植物多样性。总之,对比常规稻田,稻虾共作能显著减轻稻田二化螟的危害,改变稻田杂草和昆虫的组成及结构,杂草和昆虫多样性随稻虾共作年限越长表现为先增加后减少的趋势。
[Abstract]:Rice shrimp co-cropping (RCC) is a new ecological agricultural model, which combines rice planting with crayfish culture by using food chain theory, niche theory and symbiosis theory. RC makes full use of light, heat, water and biological resources in paddy fields. Good social, economic and ecological benefits. In the promising ecosystem of .RC, rice provides shelter for crayfish, suitable water temperature, oxygen and food, and crayfish feeds on insects and weeds in rice fields. In order to clarify the effect of rice shrimp co-cropping on rice borer, the effects of rice shrimp co-cropping on insect diversity and plant diversity in rice field were investigated. This study was carried out by setting up field plot test and investigation test. The field plot test was carried out on 2015 and 2016 in Houhu Farm military Reclamation team of Qianjiang City Hubei Province. A study was conducted on the effects of conventional rice (CK) and RC _ (1) and RC _ (1) on insect diversity and plant diversity in rice field on 2015 in Qianjiang, Qianjiang City. In 2016, the effects of RC ~ (1) C _ (1) and RC _ (2) C _ (2) C _ (5) RC10) on insect diversity in rice field were investigated at Huihu Farm. Meanwhile, on 2015 and 2016, at the Houhu Farm, Bailu Lake Farm, Qianjiang City, The main results are as follows: 1) the effect of rice shrimp co-cropping on the damage of rice field Chilo suppressalis was analyzed. The overwintering cardinal number of Chilo suppressalis larvae and the source of Chilo suppressalis larvae in rice field in the second year were significantly decreased by surface water cover in spring. Compared with CK rice field, the larva of overwintering generation of Chilo suppressalis decreased by 100, the second generation decreased by 46.6, the third generation decreased by 71.8, the heart rate decreased by 31.0 and the peak period of Chilo suppressalis decreased by 10 days. The results showed that RC significantly alleviated the damage of rice borer, and delayed the development of rice borer. 2) the effect of rice shrimp co-cropping on insect diversity in rice field showed that after one year's intact RC model, the results of field experiment showed that: 1. The total number of insects in rice field decreased by 41.0%, and the number of insects in rice field decreased by 42.5%, that of predatory insects by 47.0%, neutral insects by 37.7% and parasitic insects by 57.1%. The investigation data showed that the number of all kinds of insects in RC paddy field decreased first with the length of the common cropping years of rice shrimps. The survey data of 2016 showed that the number of RC1) was the lowest, and that of RC2 was the least in 2015. Although the length of RC increased, the predatory natural enemy increased accordingly, so the whole pest did not increase. 3) the effect of rice shrimp co-cropping on plant diversity in paddy field showed that the field experiment showed that after a year of intact RC model, The species, individual number and coverage of weeds in paddy field and ridge decreased significantly, and the species, individual number and coverage of weeds decreased by 54.555% and 62.6%, respectively. The species of weeds in the ridge of the field decreased by 54.5% and 62.6%, respectively. The number of individuals and coverage decreased by 33.3%, 50.6% and 28.4.2015, respectively. The results showed that plant diversity decreased first and then increased with the increase of RC years. The species and quantity of weeds in paddy field were the least when the number of individuals and coverage decreased 33.3% and 28.4.2015, respectively, combined with field data and investigation. The data show that: RC has changed the dominant species of weeds in rice fields. In a word, compared with conventional rice field, rice shrimp co-cropping can significantly reduce the damage of rice borer, change the composition and structure of weeds and insects in rice field. The diversity of weeds and insects increased first and then decreased with the cocropping years of rice shrimp.
【学位授予单位】：华中农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S435.11;S966.12

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