两种树形对“新温185”核桃栽培生理指标和经济性状影响的差异分析

发布时间：2018-03-06 13:13

本文选题：核桃　切入点：树形　出处：《塔里木大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：本研究以第一师三团6年生“新温185”核桃为材料,系统的研究了两种树形对冠层结构特性、冠层微环境(光照、温度、湿度)、内膛叶片光合特性以及果实产量品质和经济效益的影响的差异,主要研究结果如下:(1)主干形树形树高较高,冠幅小,冠层行间距大,便于机械化管理,适合密植。自然圆头形树冠较矮,冠幅大,冠层行间距小,不利于机械化操作,种植密度不宜过密。主干形短果枝比例高达54.83%,营养枝比例低,单株枝条量少,单位面积枝条总量数多。自然圆头形短果枝比例为35.96%,营养枝比例高,单株枝量多,单位面积枝量枝条总数少。主干形叶片的叶绿素含量及百叶重均优于自然圆头形。(2)两种树形冠层内光照强度由下往上,由内向外逐渐升高,主干形树形冠层内光照分布均匀,不同部位间光照强度差异较小,自然圆头形,内膛和外围、下部和上部光照强度差异较大。主干形中层、下层及中间、内膛的光照强度显著大于自然圆头形。主干形无效光区所占比例小,自然圆头形无效光区所占比例大,主干形最适光区所占比例大,而自然圆头形所占比例小。有效相对光照强度在主干形冠层内不同部位分布相对均匀,而自然圆头形则分布不均,主要分布在外围和中部,上层和中间。(3)主干形和自然圆头形两种树形冠层不同部位温度日变化规律都呈现出降低-升高-降低的“S”形曲线,冠层由下往上,由内往外温度逐渐升高。早上6:00温度最低,中午14点温度最高。在8:00-20:00这段时间,在冠层的垂直方向,主干形和自然圆头形上部、中部温度差异不显著,下部温度差异显著,主干形比自然圆头形高3.6℃,在冠层水平方向,主干形和自然圆头形外围、中部差异不显著,内膛差异显著,主干形比自然圆头形高3.2℃。主干形冠层内昼夜温差比自然圆头形昼夜温差大,更利于干物质的积累。五月到六月温度上升,六月以后温度逐渐下降,主干形冠层不同部位之间温度变化不大,月平均温差小,自然圆头形冠层不同部位之间月平均温差大。(4)主干形和自然圆头形两种树形冠层不同部位相对湿度日变化规律呈现出降低-升高-降低的“S”形曲线,冠层内由下往上、由内往外相对湿度逐渐降低。白天相对湿度低,晚上相对湿度高,早上8:00相对湿度最大,下午18:00点相对湿度最低。主干形下层、内膛相对湿度显著的小于自然圆头形。六月相对湿度最低,九月相对湿度最高。(5)主干形净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率的日变化均呈现双峰曲线,并在中午12:00取得各自的最大值。自然圆头形净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾作用的日变化则呈现单峰曲线,在中午14:00点达到最大值。主干形净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、胞间二氧化碳均大于自然圆头形,说明主干形树形叶片进行光合作用的能力大于自然圆头形,光合产物的积累多于自然圆头形,树体对光的利用率高于自然圆头形,有利于果实品质的提高。(6)主干形和自然圆头形平均每株挂果数分别为66.2个、191.1个,在冠层垂直方向主干形挂果集中在中下层占78.7%,自然圆头形集中在中上层占88.2%。在冠层水平方向主干形挂果集中在中部和内膛占79.4%,自然圆头形挂果集中在外围和中部占90%。单位面积(666m2)结果数主干形为8817.84个,自然圆头形为6363.63个,主干形比自然圆头形挂果数多2454.21个。(7)主干形平均单果重为15.20 g,自然圆头形为14.30 g,主干形比自然圆头形单果重0.90 g;主干形平均仁重为10.70 g,自然圆头形为9.17 g,主干形比自然圆头形平均仁重重1.53 g;出仁率主干形平均为69.95%,自然圆头形为64.75%,主干形比自然圆头形高5.2%;主干形粗脂肪含量为67.10%,自然圆头形为66.66%,主干形比自然圆头形高0.44%;主干形总糖含量为10.59%,自然圆头形为10.19%,主干形比自然圆头形高0.41%;主干形总蛋白含量为17.32%,自然圆头形为16.57%,主干形比自然圆头形高0.76%。单位面积(666m2)产量主干形为134.0 kg,自然圆头形为91.0 kg,主干形比自然圆头形高43 kg。(8)在人工投入上每公顷主干形修剪、施肥、打药、采收等农事操作需花费4100~5500元,自然圆头形需花费5000~6400元,主干形比自然圆头形节约成本900~2100元。1 hm2主干形总收入为40209元,利润为34709~36109元,自然圆头形总收入为27300元,利润为20900元~22300元。主干形利润比自然圆头形高13809~15209元,单位面积(666m2)利润高920.6~1013.9元。
[Abstract]:In this study, the first division of the three groups of 6 year old "new temperature 185" walnut as materials, studied on the canopy structure characteristics of two kinds of tree canopy micro environment (light, temperature, humidity), differences in inner leaves effect of photosynthetic characteristics and yield of fruit quality and economic benefits, the main research results are as follows: (1) the main tree tree high, crown canopy, row spacing, mechanized management, suitable for close planting. Natural globeshaped crown is low, the crown, the canopy line spacing is small, is not conducive to mechanized operation, the planting density should not be too dense. The main form of short fruit ratio is as high as 54.83% the low proportion of vegetative branches per plant, less total number of branches, branches per unit area. The natural round shape short branch proportion is 35.96%, a high proportion of vegetative branches per plant, branches, branches, total branches per unit area. The amount of chlorophyll content and leaf shutter trunk weight are better than natural round shape. (2) two kinds of tree canopy light intensity from bottom to top, from the inside to the outside gradually increased, the main tree canopy light distribution, different parts of the light intensity difference is small, the natural round shape, inner and outer, lower and Kobe Hikaruteru intensity differences in trunk. The middle, lower and middle the bore, the light intensity was significantly greater than the natural round shape. The main form of invalid. The proportion of small, natural round shape invalid. The proportion, the optimal trunk region of large proportion, while the proportion of small natural round shape. The effective relative light intensity in the main canopy shape in different parts the distribution is relatively uniform, which is natural round shape uneven distribution, mainly distributed in the peripheral and central, upper and middle trunk. (3) and natural round shape law of two different parts of the canopy temperature diurnal variation showed decrease increase decrease in the shape of "S". Line, canopy from bottom to top, from the inside to the outside temperature gradually increased. The lowest temperature at 6:00 in the morning, at 14 noon. The highest temperature in 8:00-20:00 this time, in the vertical direction of the canopy, trunk shape and natural round shape of upper middle temperature, the difference was not significant, lower temperature difference, the main form of high temperature of 3.6 DEG C than the natural head, at the canopy level direction, trunk shape and natural round shape peripheral, central bore no significant difference, difference, main form 3.2 DEG C higher than natural round shape. The main canopy temperature than the natural round shape temperature difference between day and night, more suitable for dry matter accumulation. From May to June the temperature rise after June, the temperature gradually decreased, the main canopy shape between the different parts of big changes in temperature, monthly mean temperature difference is small, the natural round shape canopy between the different parts of the monthly average temperature. (4) the main shape and natural round shape two tree canopy shape in different department A diurnal variation of relative humidity showed a decrease increase decrease of the "S" curve, canopy from bottom to top, from the inside to the outside relative humidity decreased gradually during the day. Low relative humidity at high relative humidity, maximum relative humidity at 8:00 in the morning, at 18:00 in the afternoon. The minimum relative humidity within the lower trunk. The chamber relative humidity is significantly less than the natural round shape. The minimum relative humidity in June September, the highest relative humidity. (5) the main form of net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate showed a diurnal variation curve of Shuangfeng, and 12:00 in the afternoon to get maximum value respectively. The natural round shape of net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance the diurnal variation of transpiration, showed a single peak curve, at 14:00 in the afternoon. The main form reached the maximum net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, intercellular CO2 was higher than natural round shape, that tree trunk leaf photosynthesis With a capacity greater than the natural round shape, the accumulation of photosynthetic products than the natural round shape of tree, the utilization rate of light is higher than the natural round shape, is beneficial to improve the fruit quality. (6) were the main form and natural round shape average fruit number per plant was 66.2, 191.1, in the vertical direction of the main canopy shaped fruiting in lower concentration accounted for 78.7%, natural round shape concentrated in the upper 88.2%. concentrated in the central bore in the horizontal direction and canopy trunk Guaguo accounted for 79.4%, natural round shape Guaguo concentrated in the peripheral and central 90%. unit area (666m2) the number of trunk is 8817.84, the natural round shape 6363.63 trunk, 2454.21 more than the natural bulletheaded Guaguo. (7) the main form of average fruit weight is 15.20 g, the natural round shape 14.30 g trunk shape than natural round shape weight 0.90 g; the average trunk seed weight was 10.70 g, the natural round shape 9.17 G, trunk shape than natural round shape with 1.53 g average kernel; kernel rate trunk for an average of 69.95%, the natural round shape 64.75%, trunk shape than natural round shape 5.2%; the content of crude fat is 67.10% trunk shape, natural round shape 66.66%, trunk shape than natural round shape 0.44%; total sugar content the main form is 10.59%, the natural round shape 10.19%, trunk shape than natural round shape 0.41%; the content of total protein backbone is 17.32%, the natural round shape is 16.57%, the main shape of high 0.76%. per unit area than the natural round (666m2) output trunk is 134 kg, the natural round shape 91 kg trunk than the natural round shape height of 43 kg. (8) in the artificial input per hectare trunk pruning, fertilizing, spraying, harvesting and other farming operation cost 4100~5500 yuan, the natural round shape cost 5000~6400 yuan, trunk shape than natural round shape cost 900~2100 yuan.1 hm2 trunk total revenue For 40209 yuan, the profit is 34709~36109 yuan, the total income of the natural round head is 27300 yuan, the profit is 20900 yuan ~22300 yuan. The main form profit is higher than the natural round head shape 13809~15209 yuan, the unit area (666m2) the profit is high 920.6~1013.9 yuan.

【学位授予单位】：塔里木大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S664.1

【参考文献】