《日本变政考》中的近代新汉字词及其变迁

发布时间：2018-06-21 00:53

本文选题：近代新汉字词 + 中日词汇交流　；参考：《吉林大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：众所周知,汉语和日语中有很多相同的汉字,这是中日词汇交流的结果。中日词汇的交流经历了不同的时期,其中尤以19世纪-20世纪初的词汇交流最为兴盛。这一时期,中日两国积极创制新词并相互借鉴以应对西洋文明新概念的入侵,遂产生了近代新汉字词。《日本变政考》是康有为上奏给光绪帝的奏本以宣传其变法思想,该书介绍了日本明治维新的改革措施,内容牵涉到政治、法律、经济、教育等近代专业领域,用词特征为使用大量的近代新汉字词。本文选取《日本变政考》作为调查资料,抽出其中的中日同形词、双音节或多音节词以及当时表示新概念的词作为调查对象,通过查阅中日两国的辞典,确定调查对象是否有古代用例,其古代意义到近代有无变化来判断是否为近代新汉字词。最终确定的近代新汉字词有496例。其次,本文将这496例近代新汉字词分为有古典用例的、并被赋予新义的新汉字词和无古典用例、重新组合汉字创制的新汉字词两类。本文称前者为新义语,称后者为新造语。利用近代《英华辞典》、《英和辞典》、近代的文献著作以及中日两国相关数据库,分别考察新义语和新造语先产生于中国还是日本。经过详尽调查,我们发现在这496例近代新汉字词中,产生于中国的新义语有74例,新造语有42例;产生于日本的新义语有82例,新造语有298例,产生于日本的近代新汉字词数量最多。剖析其深层原因,认为当时日本通过明治维新改革走向资本主义国家道路,国力增强;与之相比,中国处于封建王朝末期,国力衰微。一般来说,语言文化的流动规律总是由文化和国力处于相对优势的国家流向文化和国力较弱的国家。日本制造的近代新汉字词大量进入中国也就成为必然。此外,本文以产生于中国的新义语“国家”、“权利”、新造语“议院”、“投票”,以及产生于日本的新义语“自由”、“警察”、新造语“治外法权”、“最惠国”为例,利用英华辞典、英和辞典、和兰辞典、中日近代的翻译文献以及相关文献资料库,具体考察了它们的形成以及在中日间的交流情况。考察的结果如下:“国家”一词在古代典籍中有着多种语义,到了近代其作为state的译词,表示西方的近代民主政权制度的国家的意义。其作为的state的译词较早出现于1847年麦都思的《英华字典》中。“权利”在古代汉籍中表示权势和货财等具体的意义,但是到了近代,其作为right的译语,表示在法律上为自己主张利益的意义,成为了专门的法律用语。作为近代“新汉字词”的“权利”最早出现在由在华传教士翻译的《万国公法》(1864年)中。“议院”和“投票”分别最早出现于由在华传教士创办的期刊《遐迩贯珍》(1853~1856)、在华传教士罗布德的《英华字典》(1866-1869)中。“自由”在古代汉籍中有着多重语义,到了近代其作为liberty、freedom的译词,表达在法律允许的范围内自己的意志活动不受限制的意义,较早出现于日本的《英和对译袖珍辞典》(堀达之助,1862)中。“警察”在古代汉籍中一般表示警戒察看等具体的意义,到了近代,作为police的译词,表示维护社会公共秩序的机关的意义,较早产生于1870年代的日本。“治外法权”一词作为ex-territoriality的译词,最早产生于井上哲次郎的《哲学字汇》(1884)。“最惠国”一词作为mostfavorednation的译词出现的时间较晚,大约较早出现于19世纪90年代前后的日本。观察新义语“国家”、“权利”、“自由”、“警察”的意义变化,可以发现近代“新汉字词”从古典语义向近代新语义变化的特点是:词义由单纯性、一般性向专业性、抽象性转变。最后,利用《申报》资料库以及bcc汉语语料库,考察了其中来自日语的380例近代“新汉字词”在汉语中的变迁、存废及意义变化情况。考察结果为:一、在现代汉语中固定使用且意义没有变化的借自日语的近代“新汉字词”有303例,占比80%。本文分析其原因在于这些近代新汉字词都是政治、经济、法律、教育方面的专业学术名词,而这些学术用语的概念至今依然在使用。二、语义产生变化的有4例,并对“义务”、“书记”的变迁及意义变化进行了考察。“义务”一词作为obligation的译词,表示政治上、法律上、道义上应尽的责任的意义,从日本传入中国后,衍生出了不求报酬免费劳动的意义,意义发生了扩大。“书记”一词作为secretary的译词,表示担任制作公文文书、记录会议事项等职务的人以及政党团体的责任人的意义,但是在变迁中前项的意义消失,只剩下政党团体的责任人的意义,其意义范围缩小了。三、在现代汉语中已经废用的词语有73例,以“邮便”、“裁判所”为例进行考察分析发现:这些词从日本传来之初,使用率很高。但是由于日本制的近代“新汉字词”传来之前,中国就已经产生了与之表达相同意义的新词(“邮政”、“法院”),相对于借用于日语的近代“新汉字词”,这些词的社会受容度较高。因此借自日本的近代“新汉字词”在与中国的新词竞争中,处于劣势,被逐渐废用。本文利用中日两国的辞典、文献、数据库等,对《日本变政考》中出现的近代“新汉字词”的产生进行了调查,对从日本传入中国的近代“新汉字词”的变迁情况进行了考察,但是由于能力不足以及资料的限制,偏颇之处在所难免,学生在今后也将继续对此课题进行研究。
[Abstract]:As we all know, there are many Chinese characters in Chinese and Japanese. This is the result of the exchange of Chinese and Japanese words. The exchange of Chinese and Japanese vocabulary has gone through different periods, especially in the beginning of the nineteenth Century -20 century, the most prosperous. Modern new Chinese character words were produced. "Japan's political examination" was Kang Youwei's memorials to Guangxu emperor in order to propagate his thought of change of law. The book introduced the reform measures of the Meiji Restoration in Japan. The contents involve modern professional fields such as politics, law, economy, education and so on. The use of words is characterized by a large number of modern new Chinese characters. As the survey data, the Chinese and Japanese homomorphs, the double syllable or polysyllabic words and the words of the new concept were taken as the investigation objects, and the ancient use cases were determined by consulting the dictionaries of China and Japan and whether the ancient significance of the ancient meaning to modern new Chinese characters was determined. There are 496 Chinese characters. Secondly, this paper divides the 496 modern Chinese characters into classical Chinese words, and is given new Chinese characters and no classical use cases, and recombines the two new Chinese character words created by Chinese characters. The former is called new meaning and the latter is new. Modern literature works are used in modern Chinese dictionary, English and dictionary. In detail, we found that in the 496 modern new Chinese characters, there were 74 new meaning words in China, 42 newinads in China, 82 new Italian words in Japan, 298 newinads in Japan, and 298 new ones in Japan. The number of Chinese character words is the most, and the deep reasons are analyzed. It is believed that the national strength increased by the Meiji Restoration reform towards the capitalist country. In contrast, China was at the end of the feudal dynasty and the national strength declined. Generally speaking, the flow law of language and culture was always flowing to culture and national strength in a country with a comparative advantage in culture and national strength. In the weaker countries, the modern new Chinese character words made in Japan have become inevitable in China. In addition, this article is based on the Chinese new meaning "state", "right", "the house", "vote", and the new meaning "freedom", "police", "extraterritorial" and "most favored nation" in the new Japanese language. Using the English dictionary, the English dictionary, the dictionary, the blue dictionary, the modern Chinese and Japanese translation literature and the relevant documents database, the formation and the exchange between the sun and the sun are examined. The results are as follows: the word "state" has many meanings in ancient classics, and the modern times as a word for state to express the modern times in the West. The meaning of the state of the democratic regime. The translation of the word "state" appeared earlier in the "English Chinese Dictionary" in 1847. "Rights" expressed the specific meaning of power and goods in ancient Chinese, but in modern times, as a translation of right, it expressed the significance of advocating interests in the law and became a special law. As a modern "new Chinese character word", "right" was first appeared in "the public law of the world" (1864), translated by the missionaries in China. The "house" and "vote" were first appeared in the journal "1853~1856", which was founded by the missionaries in China, and in the Chinese missionary J Rob's "Yinghua dictionary >" (1866-1869). "Freedom". In the ancient Chinese, there were multiple meanings in the ancient Chinese, which appeared in the modern times as liberty, freedom's translation words, expressed in the meaning of their will activities within the scope of the law, and appeared earlier in the Japanese and Chinese translation Pocket Dictionary (1862). Meaning, in modern times, as a word for police, the meaning of maintaining social public order was born in Japan in 1870s. The word "extraterritorial law", as a word for ex-territoriality, was first produced in Inoue Tetsujiro's "philosophical vocabulary" (1884). "Most favored nation" appeared as a word for mostfavorednation. Later, it appeared earlier in Japan before and after the 1890s. To observe the changes of the meaning of the new meaning "state", "right", "freedom" and "police", we can find that the characteristics of the modern "new Chinese characters" from the classical meaning to the modern new semantics are: the meaning from the simple, general to professional, abstract. Using the "Declaration > Database" and the Chinese corpus of BCC, this paper examines the changes, Abolishment and significance of 380 modern "new Chinese character words" from Japanese in the Chinese language. The results are as follows: (1) there are 303 cases of modern Chinese word "new Chinese characters", which are used in modern Chinese and have no change in meaning. The reason is that these modern Chinese characters are all the professional academic nouns of politics, economy, law and education, and the concepts of these terms are still in use. Two, there are 4 cases of semantic change, and the change of "obligation", "secretary" and the change of meaning. "Obligation" is the obligation. The meaning of political, legal and moral responsibility is expressed politically, legally and morally. After the introduction of Japan to China, it derives the meaning of not seeking remuneration for free labor and the significance has been expanded. The word "secretary", as a word for secretary, represents the person who serves as a document for making official documents, records of meetings and other duties, as well as the responsible person of the Party group. Meaning, but the meaning of the preceding item disappears in the change, only the meaning of the responsible person of the Party group is left, and its meaning is narrowed. Three, 73 cases have been used in modern Chinese, and the analysis of the "post" and "the referee", for example, found that the use rate of these words from the beginning of Japan is very high. But because of Japan, the use of these words is very high. Before the advent of modern "new Chinese characters", China has produced new words ("post", "court") that express the same meaning ("the court"). Compared with the modern "new Chinese character words" borrowed from Japanese, these words have a higher social tolerance. In this paper, the Chinese and Japanese dictionary, literature, database, etc. are used to investigate the emergence of the modern "new Chinese character words" in the "Japanese political examination", and the changes in the modern "new Chinese character words" from Japan to China. Inevitably, students will continue to study this topic in the future.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：H36

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