中国制造业的核心能力、功能定位与发展战略——兼评《中国制造2025》

发布时间：2018-01-14 17:00

本文关键词：中国制造业的核心能力、功能定位与发展战略——兼评《中国制造2025》　出处：《中国工业经济》2015年06期 　论文类型：期刊论文

【摘要】：未来中国制造业发展所面临的深层次困境和挑战,不仅要求中国政府和企业充分吸收和学习发达工业国家工业化过程中的普遍制度、政策安排和共性创新实践,更要求中国从自身独特的产业基础、人力资源、市场需求和文化特征出发,构建并不断提升其独特的制造业核心能力。比较研究和历史分析显示,任何工业强国都具有不易模仿、不易扩散的核心技术能力,而能够促成后发国家跃升成为工业强国的制度安排,必然要与该国制造业的核心技术能力相匹配。与核心技术能力相适应的制度安排,既具有发达工业国家制度安排的一般性,更具有路径依赖和一国独特能力所决定的异质性,而只有制度安排中的那些异质性成分才能构成工业强国的组织能力,并与技术能力一起在具有"战略互补性"特征的演化过程中相互增强。但由于没有认识到中国制造业核心能力的特异性,目前国内学术界主流的制度观研究常常在复杂的实证分析之后提出一些各国共性的制度安排作为其对中国建设工业强国的政策建议,在这种情况下,其作为规范研究的意义自然就会大打折扣。与美、日、德、韩等工业强国相比,中国制造业的优势主要体现在模块化架构产品和大型复杂装备领域,而在产品架构一体化领域、制造工艺一体化领域以及既具有一体化特征又需要前沿科技支撑的核心零部件领域相对缺乏优势。未来中国制造业核心能力提升的可能方向,一是通过架构创新和标准创新加强将一体化架构产品转化为模块化架构的能力,缩短或者破坏产品生命周期演进的一般路径;二是针对国外技术与中国本土市场需求不匹配的机会,充分利用中国的市场和制造优势,不断提升复杂装备的架构创新和集成能力。以这样的学术理解为评价标准,《中国制造2025》本质上仅仅是一个政策力度更大的传统产业政策,而没有从根本上回答中国制造业"往何处去"和"如何去"的问题。
[Abstract]:The future development of China's manufacturing industry will face deep difficulties and challenges, which not only require the Chinese government and enterprises to fully absorb and learn from the general system, policy arrangement and common innovation practice in the industrialization process of developed industrial countries. It also requires China to build and improve its unique manufacturing core competence from its own unique industrial basis, human resources, market demand and cultural characteristics. Any industrial power has the core technical capability which is not easy to imitate and does not proliferate, and can promote the institutional arrangement of the late developing country to become an industrial power. It is necessary to match the core technological capability of the manufacturing industry of the country. The institutional arrangement, which is suitable for the core technological competence, has the generality of the institutional arrangement in the developed industrial countries. It has the heterogeneity determined by the path dependence and the unique ability of a country, and only those heterogeneity elements in the system arrangement can constitute the organization ability of the industrial power. And together with the technical capabilities in the evolution process with the characteristics of "strategic complementarity", but because of the lack of recognition of the specificity of the core competence of China's manufacturing industry. At present, the mainstream institutional research in the domestic academic circles often put forward some common institutional arrangements as the policy recommendations for China to build a powerful industrial country after the complex empirical analysis, in this case. Compared with the industrial powers such as the United States, Japan, Germany and South Korea, the advantages of China's manufacturing industry are mainly reflected in the field of modular architecture products and large-scale complex equipment. And in the field of product architecture integration. The field of manufacturing process integration and the core parts which have the characteristics of integration and need the support of frontier science and technology are lack of advantages. The possible direction of core competence enhancement of Chinese manufacturing industry in the future. The first is to strengthen the ability to transform integrated architecture products into modular architecture through architecture innovation and standard innovation to shorten or destroy the general path of product life cycle evolution. The second is to make full use of China's market and manufacturing advantages in view of the opportunity of foreign technology not matching the demand of China's domestic market. With such an academic understanding as an evaluation criterion, "made in China 2025" is essentially just a traditional industrial policy with greater policy intensity. There is no fundamental answer to the questions of where to go and how to go in China's manufacturing industry.
【作者单位】：中国社会科学院工业经济研究所;
【基金】：国家自然科学基金应急项目“十三五”时期我国经济社会发展若干重大问题的政策研究”(批准号71441031)
【分类号】：F424
【正文快照】： 一、未来中国制造业发展面临的根本性挑战伴随着新一轮产业革命和全球产业竞争范式的转变,伴随着中国经济发展阶段逐渐步人工业化后期,经济增长正由高速转入中高速的“新常态”。2013年,服务业在三次产业中占比首次高于工业,经济服务化趋势不断加强,“十三五”时期中国工业的

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