汉语、越南语量词对比研究

发布时间：2018-04-04 15:50

本文选题：量词　切入点：对比　出处：《东北师范大学》2013年博士论文

【摘要】：汉语、越南语量词的相同点多，不同点也不少。由于深受母语负迁移的影响，再加上汉语量词本身的难度大，因此给学习汉语的越南人造成很大的障碍。本文针对越南学生学习汉语量词时产生的偏误对汉语、越南语量词的语法结构、语法功能进行对比分析，对汉语使用频率高的量词“个”“只”和越南语对应量词“cái”“chi c”“con”进行个案对比。然后通过两种语言的文学作品的翻译活动进行对照、验证。最后总结出越南学生汉语近义量词的习得规律并提出量词教学建议。汉语、越南语量词可以跟数词、名词、代词和少数形容词搭配。从形式上看，汉语量词受数词、名词性质和结构的制约因而句法位置不同。越南语量词不受任何制约一直固定在名词前边。因此两种语言的表量结构之间形成多对一的关系。计量事物的时候，汉语一般都用量词。而在越南语中如果表示事物的名词是汉越音、人体部分或职业等名词，一般都不用量词。越南语的量名结构是表示单数的典型结构，，汉语基本没有这种结构。量词重叠是汉语独特的语言现象，越南语量词不能重叠。从语义上看，汉语5个指人的量词可以表示褒贬的语言色彩，越南语有25个指人的量词还可以表示年龄、性别、社会关系等意义。汉语指动物、物品的量词非常丰富，可以区别动物之间、物品之间的个体。越南语指动物的只有量词“con”，指物品的有两个量词“cái”“chi c”。越南语用这三个量词来区别动物类和非动物类。在与形容词搭配时，汉语量词在形容词后边。越南语量词后边是不可数名词时，形容词在量词和名词中间，也可以在量名结构后边。量词后边是可数名词时，形容词在量名结构后边，但造成歧义。从语法功能上看，越南语量词在一定的条件下可以充当定语、中心语、主语、宾语。汉语量词在数词“一”省略的情况下，才能有条件地单独充当名词的定语。 “个”与“cái”“chi c”，“只”与“con”在语法、语义和运用上不完全对应。这明显表现在汉译越和越译汉的两个作品中。汉语近义量词是量词教学的重点和难点。教师不但要强调辨析近义量词的细微差别，而且还要采取一些教学技巧。希望本文的研究成果能对量词编译、翻译和对外汉语量词教学提供帮助。
[Abstract]:There are many similarities and differences in Chinese and Vietnamese quantifiers.Due to the negative transfer of mother tongue and the difficulty of Chinese quantifiers, the Vietnamese who learn Chinese have a great obstacle.In this paper, the grammatical structure and grammatical functions of Chinese and Vietnamese quantifiers are compared and analyzed according to the errors caused by Vietnamese students' learning Chinese classifiers.A case study was made between the Chinese classifier "individual" and the Vietnamese equivalent quantifier "c 谩 i" and "chi c" "con".Then the translation activities of literary works in both languages are compared and verified.Finally, this paper summarizes the acquisition rules of Chinese synonymous quantifiers in Vietnamese students and puts forward suggestions for classifier teaching.Chinese and Vietnamese quantifiers can be collocated with numerals, nouns, pronouns and a few adjectives.From the formal point of view, Chinese classifiers are restricted by numerals, noun properties and structures, so their syntactic positions are different.Vietnamese quantifiers have been fixed in front of nouns without any restriction.Therefore, there is a many-to-one relationship between the tabular structures of the two languages.When measuring things, Chinese usually uses quantifiers.In Vietnamese, if the nouns for things are Chinese and Vietnamese sounds, human body parts or occupation, generally do not use quantifiers.The quantitive nomenclature structure of Vietnamese language is a typical structure of singular number, but there is no such structure in Chinese.Quantifier reduplication is a unique linguistic phenomenon in Chinese and cannot be reduplicated in Vietnamese.From the semantic point of view, the classifiers of 5 references in Chinese can express the linguistic color of praise and derogation, and 25 quantifiers in Vietnamese can also indicate the meanings of age, sex, social relations, and so on.Chinese refers to animals, objects are very rich quantifiers, can distinguish between animals, objects between the individual.Vietnamese refers to only the classifier "con" for animals and two quantifiers "c 谩 i" "chi c" for objects.Vietnamese pragmatics is the three classifiers to distinguish between animals and non-animals.In collocation with adjectives, Chinese quantifiers are behind adjectives.When Vietnamese quantifiers are uncountable nouns, adjectives can be in the middle of quantifiers and nouns, or after quantifiers.When the quantifier is a countable noun, the adjective is behind the quantifier structure, but causes ambiguity.In terms of grammatical functions, Vietnamese quantifiers can act as attributives, heads, subjects and objects under certain conditions.Only when the numerals "one" is omitted, can Chinese classifiers act as attributes of nouns."chi" and "c 谩 i" "chi c", "only" and "con" are not exactly syntactic, semantic and operational.This is clearly reflected in the two works of Chinese-Chinese translation and Yue-Yue translation.Chinese synonymous quantifiers are the key and difficult points in the teaching of classifiers.Teachers should not only emphasize the nuances of synonyms, but also adopt some teaching techniques.It is hoped that the research results of this paper will be helpful in classifier compilation, translation and teaching of Chinese classifiers as a foreign language.
【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：H195

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