明清时期宁国府书院研究

发布时间：2018-05-22 10:58

本文选题：明清 + 宁国府　；参考：《安徽大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：书院教育是明清时期宁国府重要的教育形式。明中前期是宁国府书院发展的沉寂期;嘉靖至万历时期,因官学的衰败、阳明学的传播等原因,众多书院被创建,书院讲会繁荣,发展进入鼎盛期;晚明,受政治剧变和讲会衰微的影响,书院陷入没落。清初,宁国府书院缓慢发展;康熙晚期至乾隆时期,宁国府书院相当繁荣,不仅新建了不少书院,而且书院规模也扩大了;咸同兵燹使宁国府书院遭受浩劫;战后,书院得到一定复兴,但随着清末书院改制,宁国府书院最终退出了历史舞台。明清时期宁国府多建于风景优美、环境清雅之处;其建筑布局也别有特色,一些规模较大的书院号舍众多、设施完备,建筑命名颇有内涵。明清时期宁国府书院通过官府拨付、民间捐输以及自主经营筹措经费,但主要是后两种方式;书院经费支出可分为基本建设与日常运行两大类,毓文书院和泾川书院日常经费的支出可分为山长、生童、行政和其他共四个方面,且各方面经费比重差异明显。但书院经费往往因书院产业被侵蚀而日渐短缺,甚至引发纠纷。为此,宁国府书院采取了明定章程,载之籍册和自主经营,加强监督的措施来应对。明代中后期宁国府的书院讲会风起云涌,这些书院讲会活动主要集中于泾县和宣城县,尤以水西书院阳明讲会著名。这类讲会式书院讲授内容多贴近大众,机构设置相对简单,管理比较松散。清代雍正末年以后,宁国府书院山长与其他管理服务人员的选任、生徒的招收、日常教学等日益规范化。此时,毓文书院是传播汉学的重要学府,师生的课余生活十分丰富。祭祀是宁国府书院的重要活动,其内容有一定的程式,祭祀对象灵活多样,有重要的教育作用。清代宁国府不少书院藏书丰富。这些藏书来自于书院自身购置和官民捐赠,与教学内容密切相关,管理和利用也有一套制度章程。明清时期宁国府书院的广泛设置有效地满足了地方教育的需要,促进了人才的培养。具体而言,受明代中后期书院讲会的影响,宁国府出现了一批阳明学派学者,书院生徒在科举上取得了不错的成绩,该地民风也因之善化。清代宁国府书院的贡献可以旌德毓文书院视角,该书院的不少生徒在功名、学术、事功方面成绩显著,还刊刻书籍,一些山长在此也取得了学术成果。宁国府书院存在明代中后期和清代康熙晚期至乾隆时期两个发展高峰期。这主要是因为这两个时期社会比较安定、经济繁荣;同时,地方官员的推动也起了重要作用。1901年,应清廷的要求,宁国府书院纷纷改制学堂,但从改制后的一段实践看,却很难取得传播西学、培育西学人才的效果。
[Abstract]:College education was an important form of education in the Ming and Qing dynasties. The middle and early Ming Dynasty was the silent period of the development of Ningguofu Academy; from Jiajing to Wanli period, due to the decline of official study and the spread of Yangming School, many academies were established, the academies will flourish, and the development will enter the peak period; in the late Ming Dynasty, Influenced by the political upheaval and the decline of the lecture, the academy fell into decline. In the early Qing Dynasty, the Ningguofu Academy developed slowly; from the late Kangxi period to the Qianlong period, the Ningguofu Academy was quite prosperous, and not only many new academies were built, but also the scale of the academies was enlarged; Xiantong Bingxian caused the Ningguofu Academy to suffer havoc; after the war, The academy got a certain revival, but with the reform of the academy in the late Qing Dynasty, Ningguofu Academy finally withdrew from the historical stage. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, the Ningguofu was built in beautiful scenery and elegant environment, and its architectural layout also had its own characteristics. Some large academies had numerous buildings, complete facilities, and the naming of buildings had connotations. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, the Ningguofu Academy allocated by the government, donated and donated by the people and raised funds independently, but mainly in the latter two ways, the expenditure of the academy can be divided into two categories: capital construction and daily operation. The daily expenses of Yujiyuan and Jingchuan Academy can be divided into four aspects: mountain head, children, administration and other aspects, and the proportion of funds in each aspect is obviously different. However, college funding is often eroded by the erosion of college industry, and even lead to disputes. To this end, Ningguofu Academy adopted the regulations, the book and independent management, strengthen supervision measures to deal with. In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, the academies of Ningguofu were popular, which mainly concentrated on Jing County and Xuancheng County, especially the Yangming Society of Shuixi Academy. This kind of lectures close to the public, the organization is relatively simple, relatively loose management. After the last years of Yongzheng in Qing Dynasty, the selection of mountain chief and other management service personnel, the recruitment of students and the daily teaching of Ningguofu Academy became more and more standardized. At this time, Yujianyuan is an important school to spread Sinology, and teachers and students have a very rich after-school life. Sacrifice is an important activity of Ningguofu Academy of Classics, and its content has certain program, the object of sacrifice is flexible and diverse, and it plays an important role in education. The Qing Dynasty Ningguofu many academies have a rich collection of books. These books come from the college's own purchase and donation, and are closely related to the teaching content, and the management and utilization also have a set of rules and regulations. The extensive establishment of Ningguofu Academy in Ming and Qing dynasties effectively met the needs of local education and promoted the cultivation of talents. Specifically, under the influence of academies in the middle and late Ming Dynasty, a group of Yangming scholars appeared in Ningguofu, and the academies made good achievements in the imperial examination, and the local folk style was also improved as a result. The contribution of Ningguofu Academy in the Qing Dynasty can be seen from the perspective of Jingde Yuzhu Institute of Letters. Many of the college's students made remarkable achievements in fame, scholarship and work, and also published books, in which some mountain chiefs also made academic achievements. There were two peak periods of development of Ningguofu Academy in the middle and late Ming Dynasty and from the late Kangxi to Qianlong period in Qing Dynasty. This is mainly due to the relatively stable society and prosperous economy in these two periods. At the same time, the promotion of local officials also played an important role. In 1901, at the request of the Qing government, Ningguofu academies reformed their schools one after another, but from the perspective of a period of practice after the reform, However, it is difficult to spread western learning and cultivate talents.
【学位授予单位】：安徽大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K248;G649.299

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