从士子精神到民国大学校长精神源生内核与时代演变

发布时间：2018-06-06 05:19

本文选题：士子阶层 + 大学校长　；参考：《南京师范大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：在中国历史上,“士”的演变是个极其复杂的现象。在传统社会的不同时期,因为社会政治结构和经济结构的变化,传统士子阶层先后经历了先秦的形成和崛起、两汉魏晋的转变与固化以及唐宋的扩展和厘定等不同演变,终于在清末民初的近代社会转型中再次分化。在此期间,士子的社会角色亦由游士变儒生、从儒生再成士大夫。然后回归士人身份,最后在古代史后期成为士绅。同时,伴随传统士子扮演社会角色的变化,士子阶层的文化精神发生了从“士志于道”到“崇儒尚德”、再到“道法自然”、而后升华到“以天下为己任”的演化。最后,在近代化的过程中,“以天下为己任”的士子阶层展现了“自强不息”的行为特质。透过这些纷繁多姿的外像,我们看到尽管士子的社会角色不断变换,但士子阶层始终坚持在师生相传的承继下开展终身性的学问研习;我们同样看到无论不同时期的士子阶层文化精神怎样不同,士子阶层着眼大群的人伦关怀是以一贯之的。进入近代社会,伴随由战争失败而引起的新式商业兴起和社会结构变化,传统知识阶层(士子阶层)在近代教育体系适应社会需要的进程中逐渐转变为多元职业工作者。其中,由传统知识阶层直接转化而成为的或接受新式教育而成为的新时代知识人成为传统知识阶层社会责任和文化精神的直接继承者。与此同时,中国传统高等教育制度经过清末学堂化带来的教育体制、课程内容和教育方法的变革以及民国初期教育机构学校化伴随的现代大学理念和管理方式的确立而基本实现其现代化。在传统知识阶层进入高等教育界和现代大学的成批建立的背景下,一个个支撑新大学生成的校长,逐渐成为具有很强社会影响力的个体,在群体的视角下,即是大学校长群体。正是这一批具有旧时代遗民特质和新时代开拓精神的民国大学校长为中国大学的现代化做出了奠基性的贡献,亦由此展现了令当代人不断回念却又难以重拾的精神风貌。在民国大学校长执掌学校的过程中,他们以发于本能的情感、具有影响力的言论、强有力的实践和不畏艰难的坚守,呈现了以民族和文化的复兴为目的的“爱国精神”;他们以对传统知识阶层尚学、笃学学风的承继和对西方大学高深学问理念的借鉴,发见并践行了以“高深学问”大学观、“诚笃治学”教师聘任准则和对学生“忠行厚学”期待为内涵的“笃学精神”;他们以多育并举而完满学生健全人格的教育理念和成就学生生命价值的牺牲精神、奉献精神和服务精神的教导彰显了他们对待学生的“厚生”理念;他们以对教育事业矢志不渝的热情、对校长职责的扎实推动和对自身工作的长期坚守,构建了秉承文化责任感与民族使命感的“敬业精神”。在西学东渐、民族危亡的时代背景下,民国大学校长作为传统文化的继承者和中华民族的一份子,坚持教育救国道路,致力于发展中国高等教育事业,实有一种宗教般的精神。近代中国自鸦片战争开始,以新中国的成立而终结,历时百余年。其间历经各种社会冲突、思想潮流和文化变迁,极其复杂。在涉及整个社会的传统与现代的矛盾中,近代知识阶层中的大多数旗帜鲜明地选择推进社会的现代化。在近代知识阶层中,有这么一批大学校长,他们以建立现代的中国大学为目标,以极其卓越的精神奠基了现代大学的制度基础。民国大学校长致力于完成高等教育从传统到现代转变的努力是中国近代社会从传统到现代转变的一部分,充分展现大学校长们从传统到现代的精神关怀。这份以人伦关怀为精神来源、以自强不息为行为特质、以从传统到现代为时代任务的精神关怀再次呈现了中国传统知识阶层那份源远流长而又坚定不移的文化责任感和民族使命感。
[Abstract]:In Chinese history, the evolution of the "Scholar" is a very complicated phenomenon. In the different periods of the traditional society, because of the changes in the social and political structure and the economic structure, the traditional scholar stratum has experienced the formation and rise of the pre Qin Dynasty, the transformation and curing of the Han and Wei Jin Dynasties, the expansion and determination of the Tang and Song Dynasties, and finally the people in the late Qing Dynasty. During the early modern social transformation, the social role of the scholar was also changed from the scholar to the Confucian scholar, from the Confucian scholar to the scholar bureaucrat. Then, he returned to the scholar's identity, and finally became the gentry in the later period of the ancient history. In the course of modernization, the "self - responsibility" of "the world as its own" is shown in the course of modern modernization. Through these numerous and diverse images, we see that though the social roles of the men are constantly changing, we see the men and women. The class has always adhered to the study of lifelong learning under the inheritance of teachers and students. We also see that the different stratum's cultural spirit is different in different periods, and the scholar and sub class focus on the large group of human concern, which has always been in the modern society, with the new business rise and social structure change caused by the loss of war. The traditional knowledge stratum (scholar sub class) has gradually changed into multiple professional workers in the process of adapting the modern educational system to the social needs. Among them, the new era intellectuals, which have been transformed directly from the traditional knowledge stratum, become the direct successors of the social responsibility and cultural spirit of the traditional knowledge stratum. At the same time, the traditional Chinese higher education system has been modernized by the reform of the educational system brought by the late Qing Dynasty, the reform of the course content and the educational methods, and the establishment of the modern university concept and management mode, which is accompanied by the school education of the early Republic of China. Under the background of the establishment of the new university, the principals that support the new university gradually become the individuals with strong social influence. In the view of the group, it is the group of university presidents. It is the foundation of the university presidents of the Republic of China for the modernization of the Chinese University with the characteristics of the old people and the pioneering spirit of the new era. In the course of the presidents of the Republic of the Republic of China, they presented the "patriotic spirit" with the purpose of the revival of the people and the culture. In order to learn from the traditional knowledge class, to learn the inheritance of the style of study, and to learn from the profound knowledge of the western universities, we have seen and practise the "profound learning" view of the University, the principle of "sincere study" of the teachers and the "spirit of learning" for the students' expectation of "faithful learning". The education concept and the sacrifice spirit of the student's life value, the dedication spirit and the service spirit highlight the "thick life" idea that they treat the students; they have a strong passion for the education, the solid promotion of the responsibilities of the principals and the long-term persevering of their own work, and the construction of the sense of cultural responsibility and the national cause. In the era of Western learning and national crisis, the president of the Republic of China, as the successor of the traditional culture and a part of the Chinese nation, insisted on the way of saving the country and committed to the development of China's higher education, and had a religious spirit. Modern China began with the Opium war and became a new China. It lasted for more than a hundred years. During the period of social clashes, ideological trends and cultural changes were extremely complex. In the contradictions involving the traditional and modern society of the whole society, most of the modern intellectuals chose to promote the modernization of the society. In the modern knowledge class, there were such a group of university principals, who built them. The aim of the modern Chinese University is to lay a foundation for the institutional foundation of modern universities. The efforts of the presidents of the Republic of China to complete the transformation of higher education from tradition to modern times are part of the transformation of modern Chinese society from traditional to modern, which fully displays the spiritual care of University presidents from traditional to modern. The spiritual concern of human concern as the spiritual source, and the spiritual care of the time task from the traditional to the modern, and the long and unswerving sense of cultural responsibility and the sense of national mission of the Chinese traditional knowledge stratum.
【学位授予单位】：南京师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：G647.1

【参考文献】