新中国初期高校院系调整述评

发布时间：2018-06-09 21:31

本文选题：新中国 + 高校　；参考：《湘潭大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：20世纪50年代初期,新中国对境内高等院校进行了一次大规模的院系调整。在知识分子思想改造运动取得成功的情况下,为了建立新的高等教育体系,新中国于1952年正式开始大规模的高校院系调整。这次调整影响极为深远,在很短的时间里,晚清以降形成的中国近现代西式高等教育体系被彻底打破,一批批专业性极强的工科学院相继出现,为新中国的建设提供了有力的人才技术支持;但同时,哲学、社会学、政治学、逻辑学等人文学科或被大量撤销,或沦为“二等学科”,招生减少,教师转行,在全社会形成了“重理轻文”的局面。自此,中国教育界与其欧美母体基本绝缘,和当时其他各领域一样,已经成为全面学习苏联的一部分。高校院系设置是高等教育体系的重要组成部分,它决定了高校的人才结构,也在一定程度上影响着社会文化的发展方向。近代中国的高等教育,深受欧美的影响,在晚清的阴差阳错中艰难起步,经过民国三十多年的惨淡经营,已经具备了可观的规模,完整的体系,成就也是可圈可点。一大批杰出的教育家和外国友好人士功不可没。但是,当旧大学遇到新中国,其办学模式、教育理念、学术观点都已不能适应,有的甚至背道而驰。1952年,在扫清一切阻力后,新中国仿照苏联模式对高等院校进行了大规模的院系调整。在强大的行政力量下,短短一年的时间全国四分之三的高校都进行了调整,通过合并、取消和新设,原有高校的数量、类型、公私性质、地域分布等都发生了巨大变化。同时,国家还加强了对高等院校的集中计划管理,高等教育逐步纳入了新体制,与计划经济相适应。此次院系调整影响深远。一方面国家实现了对高校和知识分子的全方位领导,为国家建设培养了大批专业人才,有力推动了新中国的社会主义建设;另一方面人文学科教学受到了很大的削弱,很长时间没有得到应有的重视,影响了高等教育的健康发展。本文将从高校院系调整的背景及过程入手,探索这一事件的原因及其对高等教育发展的影响。
[Abstract]:In the early 1950s, New China carried out a large-scale adjustment of colleges and departments. In order to establish a new system of higher education, in 1952, in order to establish a new system of higher education, the large-scale adjustment of colleges and departments of colleges and universities began in China with the success of the ideological reform movement of intellectuals. In a very short period of time, China's modern Western-style higher education system, which was formed in the late Qing Dynasty, was completely broken, and a number of highly specialized engineering colleges emerged one after another. At the same time, the humanities, such as philosophy, sociology, political science, logic and so on, were abolished in large numbers or reduced to "second-class subjects", resulting in fewer students and teachers changing careers. In the whole society, the situation of "attaching importance to reason and neglecting text" has been formed. Since then, the Chinese education sector has become a part of the overall study of the Soviet Union, as was the case in other fields, with the basic insulation of its mother body in Europe and the United States. The establishment of colleges and departments is an important part of the higher education system, which determines the talent structure of colleges and universities, and also influences the development direction of social culture to a certain extent. Modern Chinese higher education, deeply influenced by Europe and the United States, started hard in the late Qing Dynasty. After more than 30 years of miserable operation, it already has a considerable scale, a complete system, and its achievements are also worthy of recognition. A large number of outstanding educationalists and foreign friendly people can not be ignored. However, when the old university encountered the new China, its mode of running schools, educational ideas, academic views have been unable to adapt, some even ran counter. In 1952, after clearing all the obstacles, New China imitated the Soviet model to carry on the large-scale college and department adjustment to the university. Under the powerful administrative force, 3/4 colleges and universities in the whole country have been adjusted in a short period of one year. By merging, canceling and setting up new institutions, the number, type, public and private nature, geographical distribution of the original colleges and universities have all undergone tremendous changes. At the same time, the state has also strengthened the centralized planning management of colleges and universities, and the higher education has gradually been brought into the new system, adapted to the planned economy. The adjustment of the college and department far-reaching impact. On the one hand, the state has achieved all-round leadership over universities and intellectuals, trained a large number of professionals for the construction of the country, and has been able to promote the socialist construction of the people's Republic of China; on the other hand, the teaching of humanities has been greatly weakened. The lack of due attention for a long time has affected the healthy development of higher education. Starting with the background and process of the adjustment of colleges and departments, this paper explores the causes of this event and its influence on the development of higher education.
【学位授予单位】：湘潭大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：G649.29

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