英国都铎王朝时期大学发展研究

发布时间：2018-07-17 19:55

【摘要】：都铎王朝(1485-1603)是将英国古代文明与现代文明有效连接的重要纽带,英国的牛津大学和剑桥大学也在都铎时期的社会冲突中完美转型,开创了近代大学的良好开端。探究都铎王朝时期牛桥二校的社会属性,揭示大学与社会、宗教、王权等广泛而又复杂的联系,有哪些主观和客观因素在这一过程中影响着英国都铎王朝时期大学的变革,成为值得研究的问题。英国都铎王朝时期大学的发展是在王权与教权之间的冲突中展开的。牛桥二校成为双方努力争取的对象和冲突的战场,并在不断的冲突中完成了从中世纪大学到现代大学的转型。根据马克思社会冲突思想,英国都铎王朝时期王权与教权的冲突大致可以划分为潜在对立期、冲突公开期和冲突平息期三个阶段,大学也在这三个阶段中受到推动、得到发展。都铎王朝时期大学能在王权与教权的激烈冲突中进一步发展,源于生产力与生产关系的变化,具体表现在农业生产力的提高为都铎时期经济发展奠定了基础,商业繁荣推动了新兴资产阶级壮大,世界贸易的发展为资本主义完成了原始积累。英国都铎王朝时期牛桥二校的内部组织得到进一步发展。两校均有许多学院新建或重建,体现了王室和其代表的新兴资产阶级意图借助学院宣传其新教思想,扩大影响力,并培养统治人才和商业专业人才的政治目的。两校的图书馆在中世纪时期的藏书以天主教书籍为主,都铎王朝时期先后经历了严重的冲击和后来的重建。随着捐赠图书的风气日盛,两校图书馆的藏书规模不断扩大,内容也不断丰富。王室在与教会的冲突中,逐步取得了对大学管理的控制权,包括大学的院校两级管理权和财政权。宗教改革后,都铎王室对大学的教学和课程进行了多次改革,大学自身也更具现代大学意味。具体来讲,此时的学院逐渐成为大学教学的中心,讲座与辩论也更具有实用性和现实意义;文法神医专业课程在因循旧传统的同时,更多体现出世俗化的特点;学位申请制度则愈加完善和严格。教师与学生是大学运作系统的两个主体构成要素。这一时期的大学教师虽然在宗教纷争中艰难生存,但由于收入增多,生活水平和地位有所提高,王室重新确认和增加了教师的一些特权,教师的身份标签也从"上帝的代言人"转变为" '人'的塑造者"。随着学生数量增长,贫富差距也随之扩大,学生娱乐活动的丰富性体现出人文主义的深刻影响,学生则开始从追逐神职到热衷世俗权力。总之,站在现实的高度,透过冲突的视角,以英国都铎王朝时期大学发展为研究脉络,深入理解英国的社会经济文化、宗教制度、世俗权力与牛桥二校发展变革的内在关系,分析和总结这一时期英国大学发展的特点和历史影响。
[Abstract]:The Tudor Dynasty (1485-1603) is an important link between ancient and modern British civilization. Oxford University and Cambridge University in England transformed perfectly in the social conflict of Tudor period, which opened up a good beginning of modern university. This paper probes into the social attributes of Niuqiao II School in the Tudor Dynasty, and reveals the extensive and complex relations between the university and the society, religion, Wang Quan and so on. What subjective and objective factors have influenced the change of the Tudor University in Britain in this process. It has become a problem worth studying. The development of Tudor University in England was carried out in the conflict between Wang Quan and religious right. Niuqiao II school became the object and battlefield of conflict between the two sides, and completed the transition from medieval university to modern university in the constant conflict. According to Marx's social conflict thought, the conflict between Wang Quan and religious right in the Tudor period of England can be divided into three stages: latent antagonism period, open conflict period and conflict subsiding period, in which universities are promoted and developed. During the Tudor Dynasty, universities could develop further in the fierce conflict between Wang Quan and the right of religion, which originated from the change of productive forces and relations of production. The improvement of agricultural productivity laid the foundation for the economic development of Tudor period. Commercial prosperity promoted the growth of the new bourgeoisie, and the development of world trade completed the primitive accumulation of capitalism. The internal organization of Niuqiao II was further developed during the Tudor period. Many of the two schools have been built or rebuilt, reflecting the intention of the royal family and the new bourgeoisie represented by them to propagate their Protestant ideas, expand their influence, and cultivate the political purpose of governing talents and business professionals. The library of the two schools mainly consisted of Catholic books during the Middle Ages, and the Tudor Dynasty experienced a severe impact and later reconstruction. With the increasing trend of books donation, the library of the two schools is expanding in size and content. In the conflict with the church, the royal family gradually gained control of the university management, including the university's two levels of management and financial power. After the Reformation, the Tudor monarchy reformed the teaching and curriculum of the university many times, and the university itself was more modern. Specifically, the college at this time gradually became the center of university teaching, lectures and debates are more practical and practical significance, grammar medicine professional courses in the light of the old tradition, at the same time, more reflect the characteristics of secularization; The degree application system is more perfect and strict. Teachers and students are the two main components of the university operation system. Although the university teachers of this period were struggling to survive in religious disputes, the royal family reconfirmed and increased some of the privileges of teachers because of the increase in income and the improvement of their living standards and status. The teacher's identity label has also changed from "the spokesman of God" to "the shaper of man". As the number of students increases, the gap between the rich and the poor also expands. The richness of students' entertainment activities reflects the profound influence of humanism, and students begin to go from the pursuit of clerical duty to the love of secular power. In a word, from the perspective of conflict and from the perspective of conflict, the author takes the development of universities in the Tudor Dynasty as the research context, and deeply understands the internal relationship between the social economy and culture, religious system, secular power and the development and transformation of Niuqiao University. This paper analyzes and summarizes the characteristics and historical influence of the development of British universities in this period.
【学位授予单位】：天津师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：G649.561

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