我国不同层次高校教育经费来源结构研究
发布时间：2018-09-08 15:36
【摘要】：高等教育是一项需要花费大量经费的事业,在我国,由于人口众多,对高等教育的需求量大,政府要承担投资发展高等教育的责任也更为重大,教育经费供求方面的矛盾也更为突出。这其中,有关不同层次的高校之间的教育经费的投资,以及各高校自身内部的教育经费的来源结构都存在诸多问题。目前,我国高等教育经费来源多元化的局面已经全面打开,但还是以政府的财政性拨款和向学生收取学杂费这两种来源渠道为主,且依赖性较为严重。不同层次的高校之间的经费各来源渠道的筹资能力也有较大的差异。总的来说,在我国高等教育领域形成了以政府的政策和投资为导向,社会各企事业单位积极响应高校重点投资的局面。具体呈现出,层次越高、国家集中投资和重点扶持的重点大学能够获得更多的教育发展资金,也有更多的经费来源渠道作为补充。而相比较之下,层次较低的普通高校的发展却陷入极度的贫困,一方面,难以获得大量的政府拨款,教育事业的发展失去了政府强有力的资金后盾,另一方面,由于自身实力的限制,在高等教育市场并不具备强有力的竞争力,对社会企事业单位的吸引力也不强,无法有效的扩宽自身的资金来源渠道。本文首先通过梳理我国高等教育经费来源结构从国家财政拨款为主时期以单一的政府拨款为绝对的主导发展到多元化渠道筹措教育经费时期由政府、个人及家庭和社会共同承担高校的发展并愈趋成熟的历史演变,以了解了不同历史时期,面对特定的政治、经济和文化背景,我国对高校教育经费的筹措所作出的一系列的努力,并吸收和借鉴其中有益的做法,从而为优化我国目前高校教育经费的来源结构提供历史环境基础。其次,借助对不同层次高校的教育经费的来源结构的案例分析,试图分析其中存在的差异和问题,并对不同层次高校之间的经费来源及结构之间的差异作出原因分析和影响因素的浅析。具体表现为,本文根据国家关于高等院校的发展战略的划分,分别从三个不同层次即“985”高校、“211”高校和地方普通高校的院校中选择了代表学校。通过对收集的资料和数据的整理分析,发现目前我国不同层次高校之间主要是在政府的财政拨款、教育经费的二元化程度、高校自筹资金的能力以及接收社会捐赠的力度这四个方面存在显著的差异。导致这种差异的原因也是多方面的,主要与政府的财政性投入结构、高校自身的办学定位以及经费的各来源渠道的筹资实力有关。相关的影响因素也是多重的,主要与政府有关高等教育的政策、法规因素、政府对高校投入的努力程度以及高校内部如在校生规模、科研能力、师资力量以及学校的声名等因素密切相关。最后针对我国目前仍旧以财政支教的现实情况,尝试从政府、高校自身以及对社会资本的引入这三方面提出优化我国目前不同层次高校间的经费来源结构的建议对策。政府方面主要是注重继续加大对高等教育的整体投入,在政策方面的适当的向层次较低的高校的倾斜,特别是中西部有特色的高校倾斜、完善当前的财政拨款机制以及建立有差别的高校收费标准。高校自身方面所需做出的努力则首先是找准自己的定位,努力提升实力,特别要注重科研能力的提高,其次要懂得开源节流,提高教育经费的利用效率,并深化改革,优化当前的教育经费管理模式,最后还要注重加强校企间和国内外高校间的合作。最大限度挖掘自身的潜力。社会投入方面则首先要提高个人和社会投资高校的意识,在此前提下,建立健全社会捐赠制度,使得高校能够最大限度的吸纳社会资金。于此,从三个层面出发,共同努力,共同致力于高校的发展,并注重不同层次高校间发展的调整。
[Abstract]:Higher education is an undertaking that requires a great deal of funds. In China, because of the large population and the great demand for higher education, the government has to shoulder the responsibility of investing in the development of higher education, and the contradiction between the supply and demand of educational funds is even more prominent. At present, the situation of diversified sources of higher education funds in China has been fully opened up, but the government's financial allocation and tuition fees are the two main sources, and the dependence is more serious. Generally speaking, in the field of higher education in China, the government's policies and investments have been taken as the guidance, and the enterprises and institutions of society have responded positively to the key investment of universities. In contrast, the development of ordinary colleges and universities at lower levels has fallen into extreme poverty. On the one hand, it is difficult to obtain a large number of government funds, and the development of education has lost the powerful backing of government funds. On the other hand, due to the limitation of their own strength, The higher education market does not have a strong competitiveness, and the attraction to social enterprises and institutions is not strong enough to effectively expand their own channels of funding. This paper first combs the structure of higher education funding in China from the national financial allocation as the main period to a single government allocation as the absolute leading development to more. In the period of collecting educational funds through meta-channels, the government, individuals, families and society jointly undertake the development and maturing of colleges and universities, so as to understand a series of efforts made by our country to raise educational funds in Colleges and universities in different historical periods and in the face of specific political, economic and cultural backgrounds, and to absorb and draw lessons from them. The practice of benefit provides a historical environment for optimizing the source structure of educational funds in Colleges and universities in China. Secondly, with the aid of case study on the source structure of educational funds in Colleges and universities at different levels, this paper tries to analyze the differences and problems among them, and makes an analysis of the differences between the sources and structures of funds in Colleges and universities at different levels. Because of the analysis and the analysis of the influencing factors, this paper chooses representative schools from three different levels, namely "985" colleges and universities, and "211" colleges and universities and local ordinary colleges and universities according to the division of the national development strategy of colleges and universities. There are remarkable differences between colleges and universities at the same level in four aspects: the government's financial allocation, the degree of duality of educational funds, the ability of colleges and universities to raise funds by themselves and the strength of receiving social donations. The related factors are also multiple, mainly related to the government's policies, laws and regulations on higher education, the degree of government's efforts to invest in Colleges and universities, as well as internal factors such as the size of students, scientific research capacity, the strength of teachers and the reputation of the school. China is still trying to put forward suggestions and Countermeasures to optimize the structure of funding sources among colleges and universities at different levels in China from three aspects: the government, universities themselves and the introduction of social capital. The inclination of lower-level colleges and universities, especially those in the central and western regions with distinctive characteristics, is to improve the current financial allocation mechanism and establish different fee standards for colleges and universities. At last, we should pay more attention to strengthening the cooperation between universities and enterprises, and between universities at home and abroad. At the same time, we should first raise the awareness of individual and social investment in Colleges and universities. The social donation system enables colleges and universities to absorb social funds to the greatest extent. Therefore, from three levels, we should work together to devote ourselves to the development of colleges and universities, and pay attention to the adjustment of the development of colleges and universities at different levels.
【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：G647.5
本文编号：2230943
[Abstract]:Higher education is an undertaking that requires a great deal of funds. In China, because of the large population and the great demand for higher education, the government has to shoulder the responsibility of investing in the development of higher education, and the contradiction between the supply and demand of educational funds is even more prominent. At present, the situation of diversified sources of higher education funds in China has been fully opened up, but the government's financial allocation and tuition fees are the two main sources, and the dependence is more serious. Generally speaking, in the field of higher education in China, the government's policies and investments have been taken as the guidance, and the enterprises and institutions of society have responded positively to the key investment of universities. In contrast, the development of ordinary colleges and universities at lower levels has fallen into extreme poverty. On the one hand, it is difficult to obtain a large number of government funds, and the development of education has lost the powerful backing of government funds. On the other hand, due to the limitation of their own strength, The higher education market does not have a strong competitiveness, and the attraction to social enterprises and institutions is not strong enough to effectively expand their own channels of funding. This paper first combs the structure of higher education funding in China from the national financial allocation as the main period to a single government allocation as the absolute leading development to more. In the period of collecting educational funds through meta-channels, the government, individuals, families and society jointly undertake the development and maturing of colleges and universities, so as to understand a series of efforts made by our country to raise educational funds in Colleges and universities in different historical periods and in the face of specific political, economic and cultural backgrounds, and to absorb and draw lessons from them. The practice of benefit provides a historical environment for optimizing the source structure of educational funds in Colleges and universities in China. Secondly, with the aid of case study on the source structure of educational funds in Colleges and universities at different levels, this paper tries to analyze the differences and problems among them, and makes an analysis of the differences between the sources and structures of funds in Colleges and universities at different levels. Because of the analysis and the analysis of the influencing factors, this paper chooses representative schools from three different levels, namely "985" colleges and universities, and "211" colleges and universities and local ordinary colleges and universities according to the division of the national development strategy of colleges and universities. There are remarkable differences between colleges and universities at the same level in four aspects: the government's financial allocation, the degree of duality of educational funds, the ability of colleges and universities to raise funds by themselves and the strength of receiving social donations. The related factors are also multiple, mainly related to the government's policies, laws and regulations on higher education, the degree of government's efforts to invest in Colleges and universities, as well as internal factors such as the size of students, scientific research capacity, the strength of teachers and the reputation of the school. China is still trying to put forward suggestions and Countermeasures to optimize the structure of funding sources among colleges and universities at different levels in China from three aspects: the government, universities themselves and the introduction of social capital. The inclination of lower-level colleges and universities, especially those in the central and western regions with distinctive characteristics, is to improve the current financial allocation mechanism and establish different fee standards for colleges and universities. At last, we should pay more attention to strengthening the cooperation between universities and enterprises, and between universities at home and abroad. At the same time, we should first raise the awareness of individual and social investment in Colleges and universities. The social donation system enables colleges and universities to absorb social funds to the greatest extent. Therefore, from three levels, we should work together to devote ourselves to the development of colleges and universities, and pay attention to the adjustment of the development of colleges and universities at different levels.
【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：G647.5
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