基于语料库的英语类词缀-wise的共时与历时研究

发布时间：2018-08-20 15:10

【摘要】：类词缀-wise,同时具有单独词素和词缀特征,可加在名词或部分副词和形容词之后构成新的副词或形容词,几十年来日益多产,尤其观点副词最受瞩目。但对于-wise的语义,语法和语域特征及历时演变研究不够全面,缺乏数据支持。故本文对-wise畏开基于语料库的历时与共时研究,有利于加深对于-wise的理解并促进该领域的英语词汇及语法教学。通过文献阅读,本文归纳了其六大语义类型,分别为方式、方向、技巧、状态、位置以及观点。数据方面,本文涵盖了COCA、COHA、BNC以及TIME四大在线语料库,获取并分析频率、语域、历时变化等数据,结合词源、句例等对其进行详细的分析。在分析中,我们着重考察-wise如何成为类词缀；其六大语义类型是通过何种机制得以扩展,以及其出现的先后顺序。本文采取数据的量化分析及词源的质化分析结合的方法来分析-wise,进而得出：类词缀-wise在美国和英国英语中出现频率甚高且逐渐被认可。从共时角度来看,类词缀-wise,有着比-free要高但略低于-friendly的生产力,根据典型理论说明-wise比-friendly更接近词缀特征；且在TIME中最为多产,鉴于TIME语料库的语料大多来源于报刊杂志,对-wise的语域研究发现其多出现在非正式性的口语性文本中,以及如运动、娱乐等“软”话题或如法律、宗教等权威话题中；-wise的六大语义中观点以及技巧最富多产性,-wise多加在抽象名词后,也会出现在专有名词、动作名词、形容词或副词之后构成新词,"otherwise"的单频词的语义及词性也有着相似规律。而对"otherwise"一类固化词分析,发现六大语义遵循方式、方向、技巧、状态、位置和观点的出现顺序。从历时角度来看,类词缀在20世纪40年代最为多产,在20世纪80年代触底反弹并有着良好发展势头,而固化词除"likewise"和-wise较为稳定外,其他均呈现下降趋势。本文通过聚合化、扩展、取消分界、固化等语法化的理论阐释-wis如何发展为类词缀,并通过语义弱化、构式词汇学中的图式解释e六大语义的扩展。
[Abstract]:The affix-like affix-wisehas the characteristics of single morphemes and affixes and can be added to nouns or parts of adverbs and adjectives to form new adverbs or adjectives. However, the semantic, grammatical and register features and diachronic evolution of Wise are not comprehensive enough and lack of data support. Therefore, the present study of diachronic and synchronic research on "Wise" based on corpus is helpful to deepen the understanding of -wise and promote the teaching of English vocabulary and grammar in this field. By reading the literature, this paper concludes six semantic types, namely, way, direction, skill, state, position and viewpoint. In terms of data, this paper covers four online corpus of COCAA, COHABNC and TIME, obtains and analyzes the data of frequency, register and diachronic change, and analyzes them in detail with etymology and sentence examples. In the analysis, we focus on how Wise becomes affixes, how the six semantic types of Wise can be extended and the order in which they appear. This paper adopts the method of quantitative analysis of data and qualitative analysis of etymology to analyze -wise.Then, it is concluded that affix-like affix-wise appears frequently in American and British English and is gradually accepted. From a synchronic point of view, the affix-like affix -wisehas a higher productivity than that of a friendly one. According to the typical theory, -wise is more close to affix characteristics than -friendly, and it is the most prolific in TIME, since most of the data of the TIME corpus come from newspapers and magazines. The research on the register of "wise" has found that it often appears in informal spoken texts, as well as in "soft" topics such as sports and entertainment, or in authoritative topics such as law and religion. Among the six semantics of "wise", the most prolific and prolific ideas and techniques are added to abstract nouns, and they also appear after proper nouns, action nouns, adjectives or adverbs to form new words. The semantics and part of speech of "otherwise" single frequency words also have similar rules. On the other hand, through the analysis of "otherwise", it is found that the six major semantics follow the way, direction, skill, state, position and order of appearance. From a diachronic point of view, affixes were most productive in the 1940s, rebounded from the bottom in the 1980s and had a good momentum of development, while the solidified words, except "likewise" and "-wise", all showed a downward trend except for "likewise" and "-wise". In this paper, the grammaticalization theory of aggregation, expansion, elimination of boundaries and solidification is used to explain how Lewis develops into affixes, and through the weakening of semantics, the schemata in lexicology are used to explain the six semantic extensions of "e".
【学位授予单位】：浙江大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：H314

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