合作原则视角下英语经济演讲中模糊限制语的语用研究

发布时间：2018-09-06 08:00

【摘要】：模糊性存在于人类生活的很多方面,亦存在于人类语言中。自美国控制论学者L.A.查德(L.A.Zadeh)提出模糊集理论以来,这一理论逐渐被应用到各个领域的研究中,其中,语言学家也借助该理论来研究语言中的模糊现象。模糊限制语(hedge)作为模糊语言学研究的对象之一,由美国语言学研究学者乔治·莱考夫(George Lakoff)于1972年在“语义标准和模糊概念逻辑的研究”一文中首次提出。作者在该文中指出,模糊限制语就是指“把事物弄得模模糊糊的词语”。之后,语言研究者们从语义、语用、语篇分析、社会语言学、二语习得、跨文化交际等多个视角对模糊限制语进行理论研究及应用研究,其研究成果为后续的语言学学习者和研究者提供了丰富的借鉴。本研究则是对演讲语篇中模糊限制语的语用研究,具有一定的理论意义和实践意义。理论方面,该研究丰富模糊限制语语用研究的演讲语篇类型,将其扩展至经济演讲语篇；丰富合作原则视角下模糊限制语研究的研究成果；再次证实合作原则理论适用于研究模糊限制语的使用。实践方面,该研究为其它的模糊限制语研究提供参考；为演讲者和英语学习者在使用模糊限制语时给予一定的启示；帮助听众更好的理解演讲内容。TED(指Technology, Entertainment, Design在英语中的缩写,即技术、娱乐、设计)是美国的一家私有非营利机构,以其组织的TED大会著称,该会议的宗旨是致力于传播有价值的思想。该大会以演讲的形式,邀请社会各领域的杰出人士展示和交流各自的创新思想。TED演讲视频自2006年上传到网络上以来,至2012年11月,已有数十亿的播放量,由此可见该演讲的影响力巨大。其巨大的影响力也是本研究采用TED演讲语篇作为研究语料的原因之一本文研究TED经济演讲的语言使用特征,以模糊限制语为研究对象,共收集了2010年1月至2015年6月的二十七篇经济演讲语篇作为语料,语料字数共计六万零八百九十七字。本研究采用定量和定性分析相结合的研究方法,以H.P.格莱斯(H.P.Grice)的合作原则为理论框架,采用E.F.普林斯(E.F.Prince)的模糊限制语分类方法,旨在研究五个问题：第一,英语经济演讲中各个类型的模糊限制语各自的分布频率和比例如何；第二,英语经济演讲中各个类型的模糊限制语分别有哪些最常用的；第三,英语经济演讲中各个类型的模糊限制语的语言实现形式分别有哪些；第四,合作原则视角下,模糊限制语是如何应用在英语经济演讲中的；第五,英语经济演讲中模糊限制语的语用功能有哪些。本文主要由六个章节组成：第一章介绍了研究背景、研究目的和研究意义、以及论文结构。第二章是对模糊限制语的文献综述。首先,介绍了国内外一些有影响力的模糊限制语定义、分类方法和语用视角下的模糊限制语语义特征,并从四个方面对前人关于模糊限制语的研究进行了综述；其次,介绍了公共演讲的定义、分类及TED演讲的特征；最后,作者着重对演讲语篇中模糊限制语相关的研究进行了综述。第三章介绍了本文的理论框架—合作原则。它包括四个子原则,分别为质量准则、数量准则、关系准则和方式准则。并介绍了与之紧密相关的会话含义理论、合作原则的发展。第四章是本文的研究方法。涵盖研究问题、数据搜集和研究过程。第五章是核心章节。首先,对数据统计结果进行描述,即经济演讲中模糊限制语的总体使用情况、各类模糊限制语在研究语料中的分布情况、最常用的模糊限制语、以及各类模糊限制语的语言实现形式,并辅以例子进行说明；其次,分别基于合作原则的四项原则—质量准则、数量准则、关系准则和方式准则,在分析使用原因和动机的基础上,文章对模糊限制语进行了语用分析；最后,总结了模糊限制语在经济演讲语篇中的语用功能：增强说服力；表达对听众的礼貌和尊重；使演讲者自身免于承担责任；增强与听众的互动。第六章是该论文的总结。包括本研究的主要发现、研究意义、存在的局限性、以及对未来模糊限制语的研究给出的试探性建议。本研究的不同之处在于：一方面,丰富模糊限制语研究的演讲语篇类型的范围。以往对于演讲语篇的模糊限制语研究大多集中在政治演讲和大学生演讲语篇,而本文则以经济演讲语篇为语料,来分析经济演讲语篇中模糊限制语的语用功能；另一方面,增强与听众的互动—这一语用功能的发掘。该项语用功能对于一则优秀的公共演讲来说至关重要,但在以往的演讲语篇中模糊限制语的研究中却鲜有提及。
[Abstract]:Fuzziness exists in many aspects of human life as well as in human language. Since L.A. Zadeh, an American cyberneticist, put forward the theory of fuzzy sets, it has been gradually applied to various fields of research. Linguists also use this theory to study vagueness in language. In 1972, George Lakoff, an American linguist, first proposed hedging as one of the subjects of fuzzy linguistics in his paper "The Study of Semantic Standards and Fuzzy Conceptual Logic". From the perspectives of semantics, pragmatics, discourse analysis, sociolinguistics, second language acquisition and cross-cultural communication, researchers have conducted theoretical and applied research on hedges. The findings of this study provide a rich reference for subsequent linguistic learners and researchers. Theoretically, the study enriches the types of Hedges in Speech Discourse and extends them to economic speech discourse; enriches the research results of Hedges from the perspective of the cooperative principle; and confirms the applicability of the cooperative principle theory to the study of hedges. TED (Technology, Entertainment, Design) is a private non-profit opportunity in the United States. The TED Speech Video has been broadcast by billions since it was uploaded to the Internet in 2006 and by November 2012. The great influence of the speech is also one of the reasons why this study adopts TED speech as the research corpus. This paper studies the language usage characteristics of TED economic speech. Taking hedges as the research object, 27 economic speech texts from January 2010 to June 2015 are collected. Sixty thousand eight hundred and ninety-seven words were used in this study. Based on the cooperative principle of H.P.Grice and the classification of hedges by E.F.Prince, five questions were studied. Firstly, the types of Hedges in English economic speeches were studied. Secondly, what are the most commonly used hedges in English economic speeches? Thirdly, what are the language implementations of various types of Hedges in English economic speeches? Fourthly, how hedges are used in English economy from the perspective of cooperative principle. Fifth, what are the pragmatic functions of Hedges in English economic speeches? This paper consists of six chapters: Chapter One introduces the background, purpose and significance of the study, and the structure of the thesis. Chapter Two is a literature review of hedges. Firstly, it introduces some influential hedges at home and abroad. The definition, classification and semantic features of Hedges from the perspective of pragmatics are summarized in four aspects. Secondly, the definition, classification and TED features of public speeches are introduced. Finally, the author focuses on the study of Hedges in public speeches. Chapter 3 introduces the theoretical framework of this paper-Cooperative Principle, which includes four sub-principles, namely, Quality Criterion, Quantity Criterion, Relational Criterion and Mode Criterion. It also introduces the theory of conversational implicature and the development of Cooperative Principle, which are closely related to it. The fifth chapter is the core chapter. Firstly, it describes the statistical data, that is, the overall use of Hedges in economic speeches, the distribution of various hedges in the research corpus, the most commonly used hedges, and the linguistic forms of various hedges, supplemented by examples. On the basis of the analysis of the reasons and motivations for the use of hedges, this paper makes a pragmatic analysis of the four principles of the Cooperative Principle: quality criterion, quantity criterion, relation criterion and mode criterion. Finally, it summarizes the pragmatic functions of Hedges in economic speech discourse: enhancing persuasion; expressing politeness and respect to the audience. Chapter 6 is the summary of this paper. It includes the main findings of this study, the significance of the study, the limitations of the study, and tentative suggestions for future research on hedges. In the past, most studies on Hedges in public speeches have focused on political speeches and college students'speeches, whereas this paper takes economic speeches as the corpus to analyze the pragmatic functions of Hedges in economic speeches; on the other hand, to enhance interaction with the audience, which is a pragmatic function. Discovery. This pragmatic function is crucial to an excellent public speech, but it has rarely been mentioned in previous studies of Hedges in public speech discourses.
【学位授予单位】：东北财经大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：H313

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