类型学视角下英汉被动范畴的格配置研究

发布时间：2018-03-04 02:03

本文选题：施通格语言　切入点：主宾格语言　出处：《曲阜师范大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：语态是一种语法范畴。句子语义可以以不同的语态表现,从而突出句子的重点。语态中,被动一直是语言学界关注的课题,尤其是被动的句法表现形式。由于不同的语序和语法规则,世界语言的被动态有不同的表现形式。学者们探讨最多的是被动态的语义研究,这是被动态的最基本和最传统的视角,包括对主动态与被动态的对比分析,其中对被动范畴在不同语言系统中的研究相对薄弱。汉语中的相关研究主要停留在对汉语中被动范畴的施通格配置的浅层研究,而英语的被动范畴中的格配置问题则没有很系统化的研究。以往研究尚未对格配置问题进行清晰、明确的分析与总结,进而分析个别语言的特征,从而提供一个更广阔的研究范围。因此,从类型学的视角去探究英汉被动范畴中的格配置问题是十分必要的。施通格配置在英汉被动范畴中的发现,使得英汉被动范畴中特殊结构合乎语法规则。在类型学视角下探讨世界语言中被动范畴的表现形式,进而研究英汉被动范畴中格配置的共性与差异,寻求语言中的共性,为被动范畴的研究提供了新的视角。本文首先介绍了世界语言以及主宾格语言和施通格语言中被动范畴的表现形式;进而总结英汉被动范畴的句法表现,解释两者的共性与个性;最后从英汉的被动范畴入手,分析两种语言被动范畴中的施通格配置,进而分析其语言现象的影响因素,与施通格语言所结合,发现世界语言的共性与个性。研究发现如下:1)目前语言学家认同在施通格语言中有主宾格配置,英语和汉语同样也有施通格配置。但是这种分裂格配置对动词有语义要求。虽然英汉语言存在共性,但在类似施通格配置的被动句中,动词的语义有所差异。汉语施通格动词语义倾向于“状态的改变”,“心理变化”,“动词形容词共存”以及“自我变化”。英语则倾向于“状态的改变”,“增加减少”,“创造”和“表始动词”。2)对于英汉语言中施通格配置的研究,国内少数学者对其进行了分析解释。例如吕叔湘(1978),金立鑫(2014)等。在此基础上,本文对英汉语中特殊句式进行了再分析,对其句法表现形式从格标记的视角进行了解读。认为,英汉语的中动结构是主宾格语言中有施通格配置的典型代表。其中“胜”和“败”的研究较为突出,对于二者的解释应从其本身的语义出发。这与黄正德的非宾格假说不尽相同。英语中,与之相对应的是“NP+V+ADV”中动结构。3)英汉施通格现象在句法和语义上存在共性和差异。语义方面相同点:英汉施格动词的语义指向是宾语,不是主语;施格动词结构所描述的事件通常都是完整且有终结点;受事自身状态会发生改变。差异:汉语中“了”,“已/已经”,“过”以及英语中“already”都表示时间的终结。但是在汉语中,“已/已经”可以与其他时态标志连用。省略“已/已经”,句子意思也不会发生变化。英语中,时态标志只是语素,不能够独立出现,只能和完成时态共存,即have+ed.Already不可以单独使用,只有在完成时态下才可以一同使用。与英语相比,汉语时态的表达更随意一些。句法方面相同点:英汉的施格动词从及物句转化为不及物句的地位与特征相同。即在及物句为二元谓词,转化为施格动词后转变为一元谓词;在时体态方面,通常采用过去时和完成体。差异:构成英语施格动词的词缀具有多样性,而在汉语中则较为单一。本研究具有语言类型学和普通语言学的理论意义。一方面,对主宾格语言和施通格语言被动范畴的句法表现形式的列举,可以更清晰的了解语言在被动表现方式上的异同点,进一步为世界语言中被动范畴的研究提供了启示和借鉴。另一方面,对于颇受语言学家关注的格配置问题也有了更深层次的探索与研究。本研究也具有一定的应用价值,英汉被动范畴中的格配置问题为汉语和英语教学等领域提供了一些理论指导。
[Abstract]:Voice is a grammatical category. The sentence semantic can express different voice, thus highlighting the key sentences in passive voice. That has been the language of academic concern, especially passive syntactic forms. Due to different word order and grammar rules, the passive state of world languages have different forms. The scholars study the most is the semantic study of dynamic, this is the most basic and traditional dynamic perspective, including the main dynamic contrast by dynamic analysis, the research in different language system in passive category is relatively weak. The related research in Chinese is mainly focus on the research of shallow tongge configuration application on passive category in Chinese, while the lattice configuration problem passive category in English study is not the very system. Previous studies have yet to lattice configuration problems clearly, analysis and summary and analysis clear. The characteristics of individual language, thus providing a wider range of research. Therefore, to explore the lattice configuration problem in the field of English and Chinese passive type from the perspective is very necessary. Shi Tong lattice configuration found in English and Chinese passive in the category, the special structure of English and Chinese passive in the category of grammatical rules. To explore the form of passive the category of the world's languages in typology, and study the similarities and differences between English and Chinese passive lattice configuration category, for the language universals, study provides a new perspective for the passive category. This paper first introduces the language of the world and the guest language and Application form through the lattice lattice passive category in language; syntax and then summarize the performance of English and Chinese passive category, explain the commonness and individuality; finally from the passive category of Chinese and English language, analysis of two kinds of passive in the category of Shi Tong lattice configuration, and divided into Influence factors analysis of the phenomenon of language, and through the combination of the case found the commonness and individuality of language, the language of the world. The research findings are as follows: 1) the linguist identity in Shi Tong are the main object configuration ergative languages, English and Chinese have also applied through lattice configuration. But the semantic requirements of splitting lattice configuration although English and Chinese verbs. There are general, but similar in Shi Tong lattice configuration of passive sentences, verb semantic difference. Chinese Shi Tong lattice of verb semantics tend to "change of state", "psychological changes", "verb adjective coexistence" and "self change". English tend to be "state change", "increase decrease", "creation" and "inchoative") for the study of.2 in English and Chinese language application through lattice configuration, a few domestic scholars analyzed the explanation. For example Lv Shuxiang (1978), Jin Lixin (2014) on the basis. On the basis, this paper carried out analysis of the special sentence patterns in English and Chinese, the syntactic forms of interpretation from the perspective of case marking. Believe that English and Chinese middle construction is a typical application of tongge configuration language. The lattice guest "Sheng" and "lost" more prominent. The two explanation for the semantic itself. It should start with Huang Zhengde's unaccusative hypothesis is not the same. In English, corresponding to the "structure of.3 NP+V+ADV" in English and Chinese) Shi tongge phenomenon of similarities and differences in syntax and semantics. The same semantic meanings of English and Chinese Verbs: Springer the point is not a subject object verb structure; Springer described the incident is usually complete and end point; the patient's own state will change. "" in Chinese: differences, "/" have "," and "already" in English said The end of time. But in Chinese, "have / has" with other signs. For the omission of "tense has / have been", the meaning of the sentence will not change. In English, tense sign is morpheme, can not be independent, and can only complete temporal coexistence, i.e. have+ ed.Already not only can be used alone. Can be together in the perfect tense. Compared with English, Chinese tense expression more casually. The same point: the syntax between English and Chinese verbs from the sentence into strict intransitive sentences with the same position. That is two yuan in the predicate sentence, into verb into a grid of predicate in; when the body, usually use the past tense and the perfective. Differences: English verb affixes Springer with diversity, and in the Chinese language is relatively simple. Has the theoretical significance of language typology and common language learning in this study. On the one hand, the guest list on language and language through applying lattice lattice passive category of syntactic forms, can be in the passive form a clearer understanding of the similarities and differences of language, provide inspiration and reference for the further research of passive category of language in the world. On the other hand, the popular grid configuration problem of linguists have a deeper exploration and research. This study also has a certain application value, the lattice configuration problem in the field of English and Chinese passive category of Chinese and English teaching provides some theoretical guidance.

【学位授予单位】：曲阜师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：H146.3;H314.3

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